The International Community in Bosnia: Enduring Questions of Legitimacy

This analysis explores the legitimacy of the international communityin Bosnia and the outcome of international involvement in theprocess of democratization. The paper discusses normative definitionsof legitimacy and their relation to certain elements of theinternational community's involvement in Bosnia. The first partof the paper discusses the foundations of distrust of the internationalcommunity during the war, specifically the presence of the UN.The second part of the paper explores the legitimacy of theDayton Peace Agreement and the consequent Constitution. Thefinal part of this paper explains how the Office of the HighRepresentative presents an enormous challenge to legitimatedemocracy in Bosnia and concludes with questions relating tothe future of the Bosnian government.     

Some Questions of Noncapitalist Development

The colonial system of imperialism rapidly fell apart in the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s. It was then that the "Third World" actually took shape as a set of young national states liberated from the political rule of imperialism. In those years, bourgeois politicans and sociologists expressed the hope, even the confidence, that the "Third World" would become a reserve, a fountain of youth for capitalism. However, they underestimated the power of the contemporary revolutionary process, its depth, sweep, and diversity of forms. The mighty influence of the world socialist community on the destinies of the peoples, and the growth of the international workers' and communist movement, created the preconditions for a revolutionary change in the development of "Third World" countries.     

追问法学教育

从1978年恢复法科招生之后,中国法学教育经历了在数量上急剧扩张的三十年。然而,制度性瓶颈窒碍了法学教育自身实力和创新能力的发展。第一,在法学教育与法律职业准入脱节的情况下,法学教育的使命不可能被清楚地界定。第二,在缺乏第一法学学位的情况下,名目繁多的法学学位和学历不仅具有误导性,而且稀释了它们自身的价值。第三,按照繁复的"二级专业"去分门别类的研究生项目造成了法学教育的分裂、学术宗派的泛起和狭隘的思维方式。最后,统计标准的模糊、混乱和强制性信息披露制度的缺失使法学教育失去了本来应有的透明。本文试分析上述问题的成因,以期促成解决问题的方案。     

事实推定在审判实务中的价值

推定,是人们认识和判断客观事物的一种方法。从司法角度而言,推定属于程序法的一项制度,指司法者借助现存的事实,并根据法律规定或一定的逻辑法则推断出另一相关事实存在的一种假设。早在罗马法时代,推定作为一项成文的法律规则已散见于《查士丁尼法典》中,如:“一切主张在未证明之前推定其不存在。”随着司法实践的发展,推定作为一项证据法则,越来越受到各国立法及司法界的重视,日益频繁地出现于各个部门法以及审判实践中。例如:刑法领域的无罪推定的规定;民法侵权领域的无过错推定原则;国际私法领域对于当事人未明示选择合同履行地的默示…     

网络安全立法问题与对策

本文认为 ,目前全球不会出现统一的网络安全法律体系 ,国际条约也不能完全适用于各种网络犯罪行为 ,中国计算机信息系统与网络的安全立法 ,必须自行探索 ,自我完善。本文在分析我国网络安全立法问题的基础上 ,对计算机信息网络安全立法提出了建议。     

技术交易中应当注意的几个问题

问:听闻2002年国内专利技术交易非常活跃,各地技术产权交易所的交易量都有了大幅的增长,我单位具备较强的科技力量,拥有若干专利技术与非专利技术,有盘活部分无形资产的意向,对有关的问题不太了解,请作介绍,谢谢。     

Corpus Linguistics as a Method of Legal Interpretation: Some Progress,Some Questions

Corpus linguistics is becoming a respected method of statutory and constitutional interpretation in the United States over the past decade, yet it has also generated a backlash from a group of scholars that engage in empirical work. This essay attempts to demonstrate both the contributions and the risks of using linguistic corpora as a primary tool in legal interpretation. Its legitimacy stems from the fact that courts routinely state that statutory terms, when not defined as a matter of law, are to be given their ordinary meaning. Judges have responded to this challenge, with the assistance of the linguistics community, by using corpora to determine which meanings are ordinary. However, legal analysts have not determined exactly what makes one meaning ordinary and another not ordinary. This gap has led to a level of disagreement in the field. Moreover, while linguists who engage in corpus linguistic analysis typically emphasize the importance of context, the legal application is peculiarly context-free, in keeping with legal philosophies that eschew reliance on reference to a law’s purpose and the intent of the legislature that enacted it. This move adds a political dimension to corpus analysis as a means of legal interpretation. Yet, the article concludes that by relying on a blend of general and specialized corpora, the legal system can substantially reduce the problem of contextualization, as some linguists and practitioners have already recognized.

     

对司法推定若干基础问题的研究

在对案件进行裁判的过程中,遇到实体法缺乏具体规范时,基于何种理由认定有关案件事实,成为法官首先要解决的问题。适用司法推定,能够帮助法官摆脱案件事实不清、难以裁判的尴尬。长期以来,学界对于司法推定的相关基础问题缺乏应有的关注。对司法推定的概念、内在属性、构成要件、适用规则、诉讼价值、法律效果、司法推定权的行使和非理性因素的影响等问题进行系统的研究,能够在很大程度上揭示司法推定的本来面目,并助力于该制度诉讼机能的正常发挥。     

论视频分享网站侵权案件中的焦点问题

Web2.0技术催生了视频分享网站,但这些网站在迅猛发展了不久后就陷入了侵权纠纷的泥潭.法院在审理此类纠纷案件中涉及到比较突出的问题:一是管辖,法院的裁决是基于被告通过使用互联网做了什么及所产生的影响,而不是着眼于国际互联网自身是什么.二是原告权属,法院对影视作品权属的审查往往直接通过片头或片尾署名来认定,而不是简单依据制作许可证或发行许可证.三是视频分享网站以"避风港"原则抗辩免责,但适用该原则有严格的条件,绝大部分视频分享网站都无法依据该原则获得免责.四是赔偿问题,权利人损失和侵权人获利往往无证据证明,法院只能依据个案特定因素酌定.     

关于宪政的几个基本理论问题

宪政要义在于限制政治权力、保护个人自由和权利,而民主则主要解决政治权力的来源及其获得方式问题。为了达成一种宪法秩序,应在宪政与民主之间建立相互支持的关系。实行宪政的关键在于“良宪之治”,而非“宪政程序化”。     

Enforcing Regulation: Robert Kagan's Contribution—And Some Questions

Robert Kagan has been at the forefront of sociolegal research into regulation for more than thirty years. His work addresses in general the extent to which law fosters or impedes economic activity, and the conditions under which people and organizations both comply with the law and sometimes fail to comply with it. This article analyzes his contributions and suggests some questions for further inquiry prompted by Kagan's work. The survey takes as its starting point Kagan's books Regulatory Encounters (ed. with Axelrad 2000) and Shades of Green (with Gunningham and Thornton 2003), before going on to consider his more recent research, which probes in some detail into the impact of enforcement and the ideas of compliance and deterrence.     

Beyond Compliance Monitoring: New Strategies for Safety Regulators

Although the advent of general duty legislation makes the task of the regulator far less clear-cut, inspectorates are still involved in monitoring and to some extent enforcing compliance with rules of various sorts. Monitoring compliance in this way is crucially important, but this article seeks to identify strategies that go beyond compliance monitoring, by drawing on research on the causes of accidents and the nature of organizations. The strategies identified include: auditing the auditors; proactive investigation; supporting company safety staff; advising on organizational design; exposing performance; and promoting regulatory crisis. These are all ways in which regulators can encourage companies to improve their management of risk, ways that are not focused on identifying noncompliance with rules of any sort.     

Some Questions Concerning the Responsibility of Medical Personnel

The solution of one of the most important social tasks of Soviet society — that of securing the further development of the state health-care system and securing the right of citizens to health care — presupposes increasing the effectiveness of the means for the legal protection of this personal benefit.     

刑法目的的若干思考

刑法目的不能等同于刑罚目的:前者比后者具有更高的价值追求和理想境界;惩罚犯罪只是刑罚本身的行为属性,不应是刑法的目的;在我国社会转型期,认为稳定规范是刑法的现实目的的观点值得商榷;保障人权应是刑法目的的重要内容。     

Measuring Electronic Monitoring Tools: The Influence of Vendor Type and Vendor Data

The rise in the use of electronic monitoring tools for management of individuals in both pretrial and post-release correctional stages of the criminal justice system necessitates increased collaboration of criminal justice personnel with private sector companies that provide monitoring services. Given this shift, it is necessary to explore whether agency employees perceive that different vendors are providing levels or quality of services. This study indicates that parole officers perceive very few real differences in the monitoring services, equipment used, and ease of installation and deactivation of such equipment across two different vendors. The primary difference identified was in the costs of such services.     

关于幼儿园消防安全管理的思考

随着我国城镇化建设的不断推进,城市的人口密度不断增大,公共场合的消防安全问题与人们的生命安全存在很大的关联.幼儿园又是城市中一个特殊的公共环境,孩子们的自我防范意识不强,幼儿园内的人员密集程度较高、各种易燃设备器材较多,这就使得幼儿园的消防安全管理显得尤为重要.本文首先从整体上对幼儿园消防安全管理的现状进行具体介绍,阐述了问题及原因.然后,结合幼儿园的特殊之处和发达国家消防安全管理的经验,分析并提出了幼儿园安全消防管理的实施和改进方案.希望本文关于改善幼儿园消防安全管理的思考对具体实施和建设有一定的帮助.     

加油站安全监控预警与应急管理系统

本文对加油站危险有害因素进行了辨识与分析,介绍了加油站火灾爆炸事故预防措施和手段,然后,提出了加油站安全监控预警与应急管理系统构成和主要功能。加油站安全监控预警与应急管理系统通过对加油站油罐液位、卸油口与加油区可燃气体浓度、油罐与加油机漏油、卸油过程静电等安全参数的实时监控预警,实现加油站的安全监控预警和分级监管;出现事故时系统自动启动事先制定的应急预案,在GIS地图上显示出事故危害影响范围、事故现场周边的应急救援力量和应急救援设施以及最佳的人员疏散路径,为划定事故警戒和人员疏散范围提供辅助决策支持,对提高事故应急救援指挥的效率和控制事故损失具有重要的作用。     

我国中草药知识产权保护的几个问题

中草药是我国的一笔巨大财富,保护中草药的知识产权是当代中国人面临的重大课题。本文分析了中药知识产权的专利保护、商标保护、行政保护和商业秘密保护的现状,指出了存在问题,提出了除运用现有的办法外,应着重改善和加强中药的专利保护,利用高新技术解决专利侵权不能认定的问题,加强用地理标志对中草约的保护,探索将中草约作为传统知识进行保护,从而建立起有中国特色的有效保护中草药知识产权的法律体系。     

当前房屋租赁市场若干法律问题探析

近年来,由于房屋开发建设规模的迅猛发展,以及经营业主和流动人口的日益增多,房屋租赁市场也随之呈现出纷繁复杂的状况。尽管国家制定了一系列调整房地产开发经营(含租赁)管理方面的法律规范,但是,目前城市房屋租赁市场仍然严重存在缺乏规范的现象,从而致使房屋租赁市场秩序出现十分混乱的状况。本文对房屋租赁市场中存在的主要问题、形成原因以及规范房屋租赁市场的法律对策三方面进行了研究,这对引导房屋租赁市场步入规范,促进房屋租赁市场健康发展具有积极意义。