对1986年以来美国外来非法移民情况的若干辨析

本文具体分析了1986年以来进入美国的非法移民人数、来源地、在美国的主要地理分布与技能素质以及生活水平等情况, 尤其对作为美国外来非法移民主体的墨西哥移民作了较为详尽的分析。     

浅议美国韩裔族群的同化问题

本文考察了美国韩裔移民人口数量的变化、居住的模式以及其经济和职业调整过程,并在此基础上,分析了美国韩裔移民高度的种族认同和相对低水平的同化情况,试图较全面地刻画出美国韩裔移民的特征。     

20世纪犹太裔和华裔女性移民比较研究——基于对“犹太信札”和“黛安信箱”的分析

美国华裔和犹太裔移民是美国社会生活中两个重要族裔群体,他们在历史和当今社会的移民生活中表现特征虽有不同,但其相似处很多。本文运用同化理论,采用文本分析方法对比研究美国20世纪先后出现的反映犹太裔和华裔女性移民生活的答疑信件,并借此对20世纪美国的犹太裔和华裔女性移民群体进行分析。研究发现,尽管两个族裔的移民时间、种族特点不尽相同,但是华裔和犹太裔女性移民在美国文化融入过程中所遭受的多种经历和遇到的实际问题以及和原属国之间的多种联系有着诸多相似之处,其中,代际矛盾、身份认同、文化冲突和同化挑战尤为明显,这些问题也会在新移民的同化进程中出现。     

美国非法移民的治理及其困境

移民执法是美国非法移民治理的重要内容之一。美国政府主要从整合移民执法资源、强化边境执法力度与更新国内工厂执法方式等方面着手,以期实现非法移民治理的目标。然而,从效果上看,这些政策措施并未对非法移民形成有效的控制与管理,这折射出美国在非法移民治理问题上存在着诸多困境。     

美国的印度裔移民--美国少数民族成功的典范

本文概述了美国印度裔移民的概况及其与祖籍国的社会文化、政治、经济联系,并在此基础上分析了美国印度裔移民对美印关系的影响.     

美墨边境“无人陪伴儿童”移民潮的特征、缘起与影响

2014年初夏，美国的新闻媒体纷纷聚焦于西南边境的移民问题，并宣称爆发了一场“移民危机”。“移民危机”说辞的盛行，反映的是中美洲“无人陪伴儿童”移民的增多引发的普遍担忧与焦虑。中美洲“无人陪伴儿童”主要来自危地马拉、洪都拉斯和萨尔瓦多三国，并呈现出低龄化及女孩比例增加、入境地点较为集中、主动“投案自首”现象常见等特点。近年来中美洲“无人陪伴儿童”移民潮的兴起，既与美国在该地区的长期干预和美国近期移民政策调整等外部拉力有关，也离不开该地区的政治动荡、经济失序、暴力盛行等内部推力的驱动，同时还有国际人口走私集团的推波助澜。中美洲“无人陪伴儿童”的到来，对美国的经济财政、政党政治、移民管理体制及中美洲政策等，都产生了显著影响。     

美国绿卡,烫手山芋?

对准备或已经以投资移民身份前往美国的华人而言,在严格的纳税制度面前,美国梦似乎没有想象的那么美了。这几年,美国投资移民市场异常火爆。而最近一条美国税法实施细则的出台,让那些持有美国绿卡或有移民倾向的外国人猛然意识到:原来这卡也不是那么好拿的。2011年12月下旬,美国国税局公布了《海外账户纳税法案》(FATCA)部分...     

1975年到20世纪90年代初移民美国的第一代印支本地人与华人:人数与生存方式

本文首先分析了移民美国的两类印支移民(印支本地人和印支华人)各自移民的背景和人数,然后在比较他们与其他在美亚裔民族的不同特点以及分析两类印支移民各自特点的基础上,对他们在美生存适应的基本状态作了分析.本文认为,两类印支移民的共同特点对他们有利的一面是,容易形成本族群社区,因此存在形成本族群凝聚力的客观环境.不利的一面是,大部分人必须从社会的底层做起,产生族群精英的时间会滞后,因而整个族群在美国社会中的地位不高.但两类印支移民原先在印支的主要社会职业不同,聚居地不同,文化差异甚大,在移民美国前就各自独处,在移民后几乎将各自小社会的一切带到美国,形成两大族群内部各自以小圈子为基本单位进行自助自救的生存方式.     

移民与美国20世纪初的城市改革

内战之后,美国进入"快速城市化"发展阶段,几乎所有城市都产生了许多社会问题,由此引发了城市改革运动。与此同时,随着工业化的迅速发展,大批移民前往美国。与早期主要来自西欧和北欧的移民不同,这些移民主要来自东欧和南欧。他们作为"新来者"遭到本土主义者的排斥,在城市改革运动中与他们所依附的城市老板一起受到谴责。出于维护社会秩序的目的,一些城市改革者发起美国化运动,通过社区服务组织、安置运动等方式来救助新移民。新移民既是20世纪初美国城市改革的起因,也是这场改革的被救助对象和参与者。     

韩国年轻人中就业移民剧增

2(X)1年9月1日,在韩国汉城举行了为期两天的留学、移民博览会。观看该博览会的共有4万多人,其中将近一半为咨询去美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等地就业移民的年轻人。今年3月,举办第一次移民博览会时,大部分移民是由于韩国经济不景气,下岗的家长为了让子女受到更好的教育而送其留学的教育移民。就业移民与投资、应邀请去的移民不同,移民局根据申请者的学历、经历、技术资格,按一定比例打分,并给一定分数以上并具有高学历的技术人员发放移民签证。目前临近大学毕业或刚刚步人社会的年轻人要移民到国外就职的很多。据韩国外交通商部的移民统计,在…     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Lockhart, Of Things of the Indies: Essays Old and New in Early Latin American History
Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–91
Harding, A Refuge in Thunder: Candomblé and Alternative Spaces of Blackness in Brazil
Buffington, Criminal and Citizen in Modern Mexico
Ochoa, Feeding Mexico: The Political Uses of Food since 1910
Clarke, Class, Ethnicity, and Community in Southern Mexico: Oaxaca's Peasantries
Rovira, Women of Maize: Indigenous Women and the Zapatista Rebellion
Assies, The Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous peoples and reform of the state in Latin America
Tulchin and Garland, Social Development in Latin America. The Politics of Reform
Gelles, Water and Power in Highland Peru: the Cultural Politics of Irrigation and Development
Starn, Nightwatch: the Politics of Protest in the Andes
Payne, Uncivil Movements: The Armed Right Wing and Democracy in Latin America
Silva, The Soldier and the State in South America: Essays in Civil-Military Relations
Roniger and Sznajder, The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay
Smith, Inevitable Partnership: Understanding Mexico-US Relations
Roniger and Sznajder, (eds.) Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public Spheres: Latin American Paths
Larraín, Identity and Modernity in Latin America
Caister, Mexico City: A Cultural and Literary Companion     

The disciplinary,interdisciplinary and global dimensions of African studies

Abstract

In discussing African studies or any other field, it is important to note that the economies and cultures of knowledge production are an integral part of complex and sometimes contradictory, but always changing, institutional, intellectual and ideological processes and practices that occur, simultaneously, at national and transnational, or local and global levels. From their inception, universities have always been, or aspired to be, universalistic and universalising institutions. This is not the place to examine the changes and challenges facing universities in Africa and elsewhere, a subject dealt with at length in African universities in the twenty‐first century (Zeleza and Olokoshi 2004). It is simply to point out that African studies ‐ the production of African(ist) knowledges ‐ has concrete and conceptual, and material and moral contexts, which create the variations that are so evident across the world and across disciplines.This article is divided into four parts. First, it explores the changing disciplinary and interdisciplinary architecture of knowledge in general. Second, it examines the disciplinary encounters of African studies in the major social science and humanities disciplines, from anthropology, sociology, literature, linguistics and philosophy, to history, political science, economics geography and psychology. It focuses on the interdisciplinary challenges of the field in which the engagements of African studies with interdisciplinary programmes such as women's and gender studies, public health studies, art studies, and communication studies, and with interdisciplinary paradigms including cultural studies and postcolonial studies are probed. Finally, this article looks at the focus on the study of Africa in international studies, that is, the state of African studies as seen through the paradigms of globalisation and in different global regions, principally Europe (Britain, France, Germany, Scandinavia and Russia), the Americas (the United States of America (US), the Caribbean and Brazil), and Asia‐Pacific (India, Australia, China and Japan). Space does not allow for a more systematic analysis of African studies within Africa itself, a subject implied in the observations in the article, but which deserves an extended treatment in its own right.     

中、印、尼佛教文化交流的特点及影响——来自三国学者的观点

中国学界过去对印度佛教研究较多,对尼泊尔佛教研究不多;对中印、中尼佛教交流研究较多,而对中、印、尼三国之间的佛教文化交流的研究则不多。2019年11月25日,由中国友谊促进会和教育部人文社科重点研究基地四川大学南亚研究所共同举办的"加强佛教文化交流,促进民心相融相通——中印尼佛教文化研讨会"在成都召开。来自印度德里大学、和平与冲突研究所、贝纳勒斯印度教大学、新那烂陀佛教大学、加尔各答城市学院和尼泊尔的特里布文大学、莲花学院、蓝毗尼佛教大学以及中国的中国藏语系高级佛学院、中国藏学研究中心、四川大学、上海大学、西南民族大学等三个国家18个单位的50名代表参加了会议。此次会议围绕中、印、尼三国"佛教源流与影响"、"佛教传承与艺术"以及"佛教融合与发展"三个议题展开交流,讨论的内容丰富、信息量大,为三国的友好交流作出了积极贡献。三国学者的观点主要集中在中、印、尼佛教交流的历史起源、特点、影响、问题和建议五个方面。     

Kenya's corruption problem: causes and consequences

The culture of corruption has grown roots in Kenyan society at large and become endemic. Institutions, which were designed for the regulation of the relationships between citizens and the State, are being used instead for the personal enrichment of public officials (politicians and bureaucrats) and other corrupt private agents (individuals, groups, and businesses). Corruption persists in Kenya primarily because there are people in power who benefit from it and the existing governance institutions lack both the will and capacity to stop them from doing so. This work takes a governance and development perspective to analytically examine the causes and consequences of corruption in Kenya. It identifies the key factors (such as absence of strong and effective democratic institutions, centralised power, lack of public accountability, and impunity) and synthesises and analyses available data, indicators, and other information in that regard.     

MYANMAR’S ‘ROHINGYA’ CONFLICT: MISCONCEPTIONS AND COMPLEXITY

Myanmar’s Rohingya conflict is arguably the most sensitive and complex issue facing the country, both in terms of the extent of physical and social destruction, and the impact on Myanmar’s domestic reform and international standing. The scale of human suffering is mind-numbing, the reactions of Aung San Suu Kyi and the Myanmar authorities baffling. However, too much international commentary is reductionist, flattening multiparty and multifaceted sociopolitical dynamics into a simple narrative, which is detrimental to understanding and responding to the conflict. This paper attempts to make sense of some of this complexity, firstly by addressing several common misperceptions of the conflict, then analysing it from a variety of theoretical perspectives. The first misconception is that this conflict is not new, but significant antecedents date back at to at least World War II, if not before. The second is that this conflict is not merely about state oppression of a despised and vulnerable ethno-religious minority, but rather a multipolar conflict with conflict and violence, driven by mutual existential fears and deeply historical grievances on all sides, by at least three key actors. This multipolarity needs to be better understood but outsiders seeking resolution of the conflict. And finally, the third is that this conflict is not primarily about the denial of citizenship and statelessness of the Muslims, as significant as this is, but about definition of the political community in Myanmar and the politics of inclusion/exclusion in governance. Framing this as an ‘intractable conflict’, this paper then examines the drivers of conflict from the perspective of an ethnic security dilemma, a double minority complex, and the political economy, arriving at conclusions about the nature of the conflict and sounding a final warning about a potential moral hazard arising from the way international support is framed and offered.     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Salomon and Schwartz, (eds.) The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Volume III. South America
Lovell, A Beauty That Hurts: Life and Death in Guatemala
Beardsell, Europe and Latin America: returning the gaze
Gómez de Avellaneda, Sab: Hispanic Texts
Rowe, Poets of Contemporary Latin America: History and the Inner Life
Crisp, Democratic Institutional Design: the Powers and Incentives of Venezuelan Politicians and Interest Groups
Naro, A Slave's Place, a Master's World: Fashioning Dependency in Rural Brazil
Campbell, Mexican Memoir: A Personal Account of Anthropology and Radical Politics in Oaxaca
Javier, Poor People's Politics. Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Duke
Petras, The Left Strikes Back: Class Conflict in the Age of Neoliberalism
Molyneux, Women's Movements in International Perspective: Latin America and Beyond     

Patterns of ‘Othering’ in Turkey: A Study of Ethnic,Ideological, and Sectarian Polarisation

This study explores who Turkish citizens view as the Other, their perceptions, evaluations, and the degree of Othering of these groups in the private and public spheres. Drawing from varied political science and social psychology literature, it also examines the role of social contact, perceived threat, and the strength of national and religious identification in predicting levels of Othering. Using a national representative sample, the findings reveal that Kurds are the most Othered group in the private sphere, while both Kurds and AKP (Adalet ve Kalk?nma Partisi – Justice and Development Party) supporters are the most Othered groups in the public sphere. Regardless of who the Other is, lower social contact and higher levels of perceived threat are associated with higher levels of Othering of Kurds, Alevis, AKP supporters, and AKP opponents in both the private and public spheres.     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Moreno Cebrián El virreinato del marqués de Castelfuerte 1724–1736: el primer intento borbónico por reformar el Perú
Schwaller The Church in Colonial Latin America
Uribe-Uran Honorable Lives: Lawyers, Family, and Politics in Colombia, 1780–1850
López-Alves State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810–1900
Bieber Power, Patronage, and Political Violence: State Building on a Brazilian Frontier, 1822–1889
Scott Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899
Suárez Imposing Decency: The Politics of Sexuality and Race in Puerto Rico, 1870–1920
Hora The Landowners of the Argentine Pampas. A Social and Political History 1860–1945
Brennan and Pianetto Region and Nation: Politics, Economy and Society in Twentieth Century Argentina
Klarén Peru: Society and nationhood in the Andes
Grandin Streets, The Blood of Guatemala. A History of Race and Nation
Serbin Secret Dialogues: Church-State Relations, Torture, and Social Justice in Authoritarian Brazil
Kingstone and Power Democratic Brazil. Actors, institutions and Processes
Piedra and Sonnleitner (eds) Democracia en tierras indÕgenas: Las elecciones en Los Altos de Chiapas (1991–1998)
Harris To Make the Earth Bear Fruit: Ethnographic Essays on Fertility, Work and Gender in Highland Bolivia
Agier Anthropologies du Carnaval: la ville la fête et l'Afrique à Bahia
Wade Music, Race, and Nation: Música Tropical in Columbia     

The establishment of the South African Development Partnership Agency: Institutional complexities and political exigencies

Since 2007 there has been discussion to formalise, rationalise, coordinate and provide structure to South Africa's development cooperation through the establishment of a centralised South African Development Partnership Agency (SADPA). Progress in rolling out the new institution, however, has been extremely slow, owing to the political and technical complexities of South Africa's institutional environment. This paper elaborates on the rationale and driving forces which have led to the establishment of SADPA and the steps which have been taken to gradually operationalise the new agency and the partnership fund dedicated to providing development support on the continent. As plans move forward, will SADPA be expected to manage all of South Africa's development cooperation — bilateral, multilateral, regional, trilateral — as well as concessional loans, humanitarian aid and development financing, public and private? Clarity of roles and coordination is critical. The paper will examine the different mechanisms for the financing, implementation and oversight that need to be in place to take forward Pretoria's development cooperation, and the challenges of leadership, coordination, accountability and information management that face the new agency.     

Brazilian Regional Leadership Revisited: Testing the Long-Term Determinants of South American Followership (1995–2015)

Over the last twenty years, Brazil has staked successive claims to regional leadership, with varying explicitness and unclear success. What factors explain the acceptance or rejection of such claims by South American countries? This article summarises the literature on regional powers and frames regional powerhood as arising from geographical belonging, resources, and will to lead; and leadership/followership as stemming from exclusivity, hierarchy/influence, consensus, and provision. By analysing panel data on Brazil and South America from 1995 to 2015, the study concludes that Brasilia enjoyed higher followership in situations characterised by high exclusivity and consensus, and low hierarchy and provision. These conditions were present in South America in the 1990s, thus rendering that decade more receptive to Brazilian leadership.