家庭治疗:一种分析人类行为的新框架

家庭治疗是对个体心理治疗的一次革命,它挑战了"以个体为整个心理范畴中心"的基本信念,将所存在的问题或症状从个体转向了关系,从家庭环境的人际背景和家庭生命周期中寻找心理行为障碍的原因,认为家庭是解决与家庭相关联的个人问题的治疗所,通过家庭或更大的机构在内的系统的改变,来处理和消除个体所存在的问题或症状,提供了一种新的分析人类行为的框架,代表了心理治疗的一个新领域和新方向.     

Violence risk profile of medium- and high-security NGRI offenders in Belgium

Under Belgian law, offenders not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) are committed by the courts to forensic mental health treatment. The use of violence risk assessment tools has become routine in these settings. However, there are no national statistics regarding violence risk assessment in the Belgian forensic population. A study was undertaken to collect risk assessment data (PCL-R, VRAG, HCR-20) on a large cohort of forensic patients committed to Medium Security units in the Flanders region and in High-Security units in the Walloon region. Flemish patients were expected to present a lower risk compared with their Walloon counterparts. Instead, data yielded by a structured risk assessment method demonstrate the opposite. Moreover, the majority of patients in Flemish facilities had committed violent offenses and were institutionalized for shorter periods whereas the majority of Walloon patients had committed sexual offenses and were institutionalized for markedly longer periods.     

认知—行为治疗理论的新进展

目前,对于认知－行为治疗的认识、术语使用以及实际操作上都还很混乱。本在对这一理论派别进行简要回顾的基础上,借助对各种与环境相关的障碍和一般化障碍的讨论,以及对调整意识信念和潜意识记忆内容的讨论,简要地阐述了认知－行为治疗理论的新进展。本认为,指向意识可触及信念的治疗是与有关情绪和动机的认知理论相关的;而指向潜意识表达的治疗则与学习理论和认知心理学中的有着实验研究相联系。     

PDA取证分析与研究

目的随着PDA应用的广泛普及,针对PDA取证扣分析的需求迅速增大。为了能快速全面提取PDA中的数字证据,必须在掌握PDA控制原理的基础上,研究常用的PDA取证模型。方法本文结合国内外相关文献,根据工作中电子证据取证实践,分析了PDA的取证过程,对PDA取证的常用工具进行了分析和比对。结果针对不同的取证需求,使用相应的工具进行取证分析和研究。     

文件鉴定人员质量控制内容比较及启示

文件鉴定作为一项重要的司法鉴定活动,其鉴定意见作为证据被广泛地应用在诉讼阶段,同时,文件鉴定意见作为证据使用的风险也不容忽视。为了提供高质量的鉴定意见,文件鉴定专业的质量控制就显得尤为重要。特别是其学科较大地依赖于文件鉴定人的技术、经验、能力等背景,质量控制更应该侧重于对从业人员的质量管理。本文在调研国内外关于文件鉴定质量控制相关标准规范的基础上,在从业人员的资格审查、培训制度、考核制度等方面进行对比分析,从中发掘有益的启示,旨在为我国文件鉴定从业人员质量控制的建设和发展提供借鉴。     

Assessment of violence risk in youth for juvenile court: relevant factors for clinical judgment

BACKGROUND: Assessment of violence risk in youth for juvenile court needs to be improved. AIM: To determine which items of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) are recorded in pre-trial mental health evaluations and which of these items are associated with the clinical judgment of the risk of violent recidivism. METHOD: A total of one hundred forensic diagnostic juvenile court files were rated with regard to the presence or absence of the thirty SAVRY risk items: ten historical, six contextual and eight individual items, and six protective items. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between SAVRY risk items and the clinical judgment of violence risk. RESULTS: Most SAVRY-items had been recorded in the files. However, five historical items and the contextual item 'rejection by peers' did not appear in 25-62% of the files. Especially SAVRY items like 'negative-attitudes' and 'psychopathic traits' were the most powerful predictors for clinical judgment of high violence risk. Unexpectedly, historical items played a minor role in clinical judgment. CONCLUSION: Prospective research is needed with the use of SAVRY-items to improve evidence based violence risk assessment in court ordered mental health evaluations of youngsters.     

法医病理检案工作中的人为现象

目的 研究法医病理检案工作中常见的人为现象及其造成法医学鉴定结论错误的原因。方法 收集13例法医病理复核鉴定案例,并对其进行回顾性分析。结果 胸外心脏按压所致肋骨骨折,胸、腹腔出血及肺动脉栓塞栓子破碎,误认为生前外伤或死因不明5例;胰腺死后变化(自溶和被膜下及间质出血),误认为急性出血坏死性胰腺炎4例;死后动物咬伤误认为生前损伤2例;腐败尸斑误认为皮下出血1例;死后颈部解剖不当造成颈部肌肉出血,影响死因分析1例。结论 法医病理检案工作中的人为现象,常导致法医学鉴定的结论错误。     

民商事审判风险管理体系的建构——一个嵌入风险社会语境的逻辑证成

我国已经进入了风险社会,公共管理领域必须对此作出回应,民商事审判领域面对的矛盾纠纷,来自社会层面的风险与民商事审判本身的自有风险还可能叠加激化,出现激烈爆发的危险境地。民商事审判作为创新社会管理的手段,为阻却风险到危险的发展进路,应该植入先进的风险管理理念,建构前置风险评估、风险提示、风险预防、风险化解与应对的流畅风险管理体系。     

The importance of forensic evidence for decisions on criminal guilt

Recent studies have found that the general public perceives forensic evidence to be relatively inaccurate and to involve high levels of human judgement. This study examines how important the general public finds forensic evidence by comparing decisions on guilt and punishment in criminal cases that involve forensic versus eyewitness testimony evidence and examining whether a CSI effect exists. Specifically, this experimental survey study utilized a 2 (crime type: murder or rape) × 4 (evidence type: DNA, fingerprint, victim eyewitness testimony, or bystander eyewitness testimony) ? 1 (no victim testimony for murder scenario) design, yielding seven vignettes scenarios to which participants were randomly assigned. Results indicate that forensic evidence was associated with more guilty verdicts and higher confidence in a guilty verdict. Forensic evidence did not change the expected sentence length and did not generally affect the ideal sentence length. However, for rape, respondents believed that the defendant should receive a longer sentence when forensic evidence was presented but forensic evidence did not alter likely sentence that respondents expected the defendant to receive. The results of this study did not support a CSI effect. Overall, this study suggests that forensic evidence – particularly DNA – has a stronger influence during the verdict stage than the sentencing stage.     

The Portuguese adaptation of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS1) in a sample of inmates

This paper comprises two studies which address the validity of the Portuguese adaptation of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, GSS1. In study 1, the means and standard deviations for the suggestibility results of a sample of Portuguese inmates (N = 40, M_age = 37.5 years, SD = 8.1) were compared to those of a sample of Icelandic inmates (Gudjonsson, 1997; Gudjonsson & Sigurdsson, 1996). Portuguese inmates' results were in line with the original results. In study 2, the means and standard deviations for the suggestibility results of the sample of Portuguese inmates were compared to those of a general Portuguese population sample (N = 57, M_age = 36.1 years, SD = 12.7). The forensic sample obtained significantly higher scores in suggestibility measures than the general population sample. ANOVA confirmed that the increased suggestibility in the inmates sample was due to the limited memory capacity of this latter group. Given that the results of both studies 1 and 2 are in keeping with the author's original results (Gudjonsson, 1997), this may be regarded as a confirmation of the validity of the Portuguese GSS1.     

《加强美国法庭科学之路》的反响和启示

美国科学院国家研究顾问委员会2009年2月发布的《加强美国法庭科学之路》明确指出目前美国法庭科学领域的很多学科存在严重缺陷,不能很好地为司法审判服务。本文通过对该报告出台背景和一年多来的争论和反响进行分析,对其披露的问题和提出的建议进行了详细解读。目前其主要争议存在于设立独立的国家法庭科学研究院和隔离法庭科学机构与执法...     

警察徒手防卫控制心理素质训练透析

徒手防卫控制是警察在实战抓捕中必须掌握的一项徒手防卫控制技能,属于实用徒手抓捕。心理素质训练是徒手防卫控制的重要基础,它具体包括分解法、限制法、预报法、注意力与反应等训练方法。     

A forensic visual aid: Traces versus knowledge

In this paper, I introduce the Forensic Field Map (FFM) that provides a two-dimensional view on the forensic field. This field is by definition very broad, encompassing a wide range of scientific areas and activities. The forensic work that supports solving criminal cases ranges from recognizing and preserving traces at crime scenes to explaining forensic results as expert witness in court. This goes hand in hand with the development of scientifically based methods and tooling as well as legal, forensic and laboratory procedures. Although the FFM came into being while developing a (visual) framework for digital forensic investigations, the framework turned out to be generically applicable to other forensic disciplines.