Mulling over “muddling through” again

Gottfredson, Michael R. and Don M. Decision-making in Criminal Justice: Toward The Rational Exercise of Discretion, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980.

Levine, James P., Michael C. Musheno, and Dennis J. Palumbo. Criminal Justice: A Public Policy Approach, Harcourt Brace Jovanavich Inc., New York, 1980.

Misner, Gordon E. Criminal Justice Studies: Their Transdisciplinary Nature, The C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1981.

Silberman, Charles E. Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice, Random House, New York, 1978.

Schwartz, Tony. Media: The Second God, Random House, New York, 1981.     

Feature reviews

Revolution from above: Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika

Perestroika: new thinking for our country and the world. London: Collins. 1987. 254pp. £12.95

Speeches and Writings, Volume Two. Oxford: Pergamon. 1987. 230pp. £19.95hb

Socialism, Peace and Democracy: writings, speeches and reports. London: Zwan. 1987. 210pp. £14.95hb

Big money: untangling the web of international finance

Mr Diamond: the story of Dennis Levine, Wall Street's most infamous insider trader. D Frantz. London: Bloomsbury. 1987. 370pp. £13.95hb

Marrying for Money: the path from the first hostile takeover to megamergers, insider trading and the Boesky scandal. Jeff Madrick. London: Bloomsbury. 1987. 310pp. £13.95hb

Takeover: inside the world of the Wall Street warriors. Moira Johnston. London/New York: Bantam. 1987. 418pp. £12.95 hb

Hot Money and the Politics of Debt. R T Naylor. London: Unwin Hyman. 1987. 507pp. £14.95hb     

Understanding Bystander Behavior: The Influence of and Interaction Between Bystander Characteristics and Situational Factors

Most researchers point to the death of Kitty Genovese in 1964 as the genesis of interest in studying bystander response to crime (Laner, Benin, & Ventrone, 2001; Levine, Cassidy, Brazier, & Reicher, 2002; Moriarty, 1975; Schwartz & Gottlieb, 1980). Since then, researchers have examined the role of situational variables and of victim, perpetrator, and bystander characteristics on whether or not bystander intervention occurs. In the present study, the researchers used a factorial design to determine whether the self-reported likelihood of bystander intervention and type of intervention (passive/active) varied by the location of the offense, time constraints, and bystander characteristics (e.g., height/weight, self-defense training, and life-saving training). Results suggest that gender, race, location of offense, self-defense training, and height and weight play a role in self-reported bystander behavior. An interaction between gender, location of offense, and self-defense training was also evident.     

Nationalists who feared the nation: Adriatic multi-nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia,Trieste and Venice

Andrew Ezergailis, The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941–1944. Riga: The Historical Institute of Latvia, 1996, xxi, 465 pp.

Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, Vol. I: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. New York: HarperCollins, 1997, xii, 436 pp.

Paul A. Levine, From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938–1944. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Historica Upsaliensia 178, 1996, 293 pp.

Yosefa Loshitzky, ed., Spielberg's Holocaust: Critical Perspectives on “Schindler's List”. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997, ix, 250 pp.     

Review article: Urban problems in developing countries

The Urban Informal Sector: critical perspectives on employment and housing policies. Edited by Ray Bromley, Oxford: Pergamon. 1979. (First published in 1978 in World Development Vol 6 No 9 pp 1031–1200). £12.00

Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities. Edited by Ray Bromley & Chris Gerry, Chichester: John Wiley. 1979. 323 pp. £13.50

Urbanisation and Urban Growth in the Caribbean: an essay on social change in dependent societies. Malcolm Cross, Cambridge University Press. 1979. 174 pp. £10.50. £3.95 pb

People and Housing in Third World Cities: perspectives on the problem of spontaneous settlements. D J Dwyer, New York: Longman. 1979. (First published in 1975). 286 pp. £4.95 £4.95 pb

Urbanisation and Social Change in West Africa. Josef Gugler & William G Flanagan, Cambridge University Press. 1978. 235 pp. £10.00. £3.95 pb

Urban Development in the Third World: policy guidelines. John D Herbert, New York: Praeger. 1979. 238 pp. £12.25

Urbanisation in Papua New Guinea: a study of ambivalent townsmen. Hal B Levine & Marten Wolfzhan Levine, Cambridge University Press. 1979. 161 pp. £8.95. £3.95 pb

Networks and Marginality: life in a Mexican shantytown. Larissa Adler Lomnitz, London: Academic Press. 1977. (First published in Spanish in 1976.) 230 pp. £13.65

Million Cities of India. Edited by R P Misra, New Delhi: Vikas. 1978. 405 pp. £10.95

The Management of Squatter Upgrading: a case study of organisation, procedures and participation. David Pasteur, Farnborough, England: Saxon House. 1979. 232 pp. £11.50

Cities of Peasants: the political economy of urbanisation in the Third World. Bryan Roberts, London: Edward Arnold. 1978. 207 pp. £4.50 pb

An Urban Profile of the Middle East. Hugh Roberts, London: Croom Helm. 1979. 239 pp. £14.95

Urban Planning in Rich and Poor Countries. Hugh Stretton, Oxford University Press. 1978. 220 pp. £4.50. £2.25 pb

Manchester and Sao Paulo: problems of rapid urban growth. Edited by John D Wirth & Robert L Jones, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1978. 234 pp. np

Housing Asia's Millions: problems, policies and prospects for low‐cost housing in Southeast Asia. Edited by Stephen H K Yeh & A A Laquian, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. 1979. 243 pp. $12.00     

Literary Reviews

Tyranny and redemption. Anthills of the Savannah. Chinua Achebe. London: William Heinemann. 1987. 233pp. £10.95hb

Suffering with stoicism: Kenyan histories. Coming to Birth. Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye. London: Virago Press. 1986. 150pp. £3.95pb

The Present Moment. Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye. London: Heinemann. 1987. 155pp. £10.95hb

The politics of the soul. Search Sweet Country. B Kojo Laing. London: Picador. 1987. 318pp. £3.95pb

Images of Istanbul. The Sea‐Crossed Fisherman. Yashar Kemal. Translated from the Turkish by Thilda Kemal. London: Methuen. 1986. 289pp. £3.95pb

The Birds Have Also Gone. Yashar Kemal. Translated from the Turkish by Thilda Kemal. London: Collins Harvill. 1987. 122pp. £8.95hb

Enemies within. War in the Land of Egypt. Yusuf al Qa'id. Translated from the Arabic by Olive and Lome Kenny and Christopher Tingley. London: Al Saqi. 1986. 192pp. £4.95pb

Frustrated fantasies. Heartbreak Tango: A Serial. Manuel Puig. Translated from the Spanish by Suzanne Jill Levine London: Arean. 1987. 224pp. £2.95pb

Pubis Angelical. Manuel Puig. Translated from the Spanish by Elena Brunet. London: Faber and Faber. 1987. 236pp. £9.95hb

Tending towards one voice. Faces and Masks. Eduardo Galeano. Translated from the Spanish by Cedric Belfrage. London: Quartet. 1987. 304pp. £14.95hb

Land of riches. Cuzcatlan. Manlio Axgueta. Translated from the Spanish by Clark Hansen. London: Chatto and Windus. 1987. 255pp. £11.95hb

Autobiography of the age. The Infinite Rehearsal. Wilson Harris. London: Faber and Faber. 1987. 88pp. £8.95hb

Caribbean childhoods. Summer Lightning and Other Stories. Olive Senior. Harlow, England: Longman. 1986. 134pp. £2.95pb

Whole of a Morning Sky. Grace Nichols. London: Virago. 1987. 156pp. £3.50pb

Traumas of partition. Kingdom's End and Other Stories. Saadat Hasan Manto. Translated from the Urdu by Khalid Hasan. London/New York: Verso. 1987. 257pp. £U.95/S18.95hb

Mirroring Pakistan: reflections and distortions. The Thirteenth House. Adam Zameenzad. London: Fourth Estate. 1987. 202pp. £10.95hb

Black Mirrors. Farooq Khalid. Translated from the Urdu by Eric Cyprian. London: Jonathan Cape. 1987. 285pp. £10.95hb

Christopher Shackle. School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Prize poetry. Under Another Sky: An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry Prize Winners. Edited by Alastair Niven. Manchester and New York: Carcanet. 1987. 103pp. £6.96/S10.95pb     

The third wave: mixed migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa

Migration from Zimbabwe has recently been described as an archetypal form of “mixed migration” in which refugees and migrants are indistinguishable from one another. This paper argues that such a state-centred understanding of mixed migration oversimplifies a far more complex reality and fails to adequately account for the changing nature of Zimbabwean out-migration. Based on data from three separate Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP) surveys undertaken in 1997, 2005 and 2010 at key moments of transition, the paper shows how the form and character of mixed migration from the country has changed over time. The country’s emigration experience since 1990 is divided into three periods or “waves”. The third wave (roughly from 2005 onwards) has seen a major shift away from circular, temporary migration of individual working-age adults towards greater permanence and more family and child migration to South Africa. Zimbabwean migrants no longer see South Africa as a place of temporary economic opportunity for survival but rather as a place to stay and build a future for themselves and their families.     

The American University in Bulgaria and U.S. Agency for International Development Relationship

Abstract

Upon recognizing a need for a center of western oriented university education, an initiative committee including representatives from the Republic of Bulgaria, the city of Blagoevgrad, and the University of Maine obtained support from philanthropist George Soros's Open Society Institute and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to start a university in Bulgaria in 1991. The hallmark of its existence was that its programs would be oriented toward teaching democratic values through the American liberal arts tradition. Instruction would be in English so it could draw on students throughout the region if they were proficient in English. The university has grown from a small enrollment of 208 students to over 700 students in several disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. As the American University in Bulgaria (AUBG) has become a regional institution, the AUBG–USAID relationship has been crucial. Now it is beginning to offer an EMBA program and has developed an excellent reputation through its graduated students.     

Corsica: France's Petite Security Problem

The island of Corsica has experienced for the past thirty years a wave of low-scale terrorism. Self-declared Corsican nationalists fight for their homeland to become independent from mainland France, without much success, and with diminishing support from the island's population. Even though the level of violence has never reached the levels of destruction and casualties as in other European homegrown-terrorist groups, it is important for the Nikolas Sarkozy administration to deal with Corsican pseudo-separatism once and for all. This movement (whether criminal in nature or truly nationalistic) has proven to be long-lasting, resourceful, and deadly, thus it should not be underestimated.     

Crescent and Sword: The Hamas enigma

This article analyses the popular support for Hamas, the most important of the Palestinian Islamist movements today and charts the movement's historical ascendancy from a fringe Gaza-based group to a mainstream Islamist movement and mouthpiece for dispossessed Palestinians. Since 2001 Hamas's leadership has come under increasing attack from Israel, which has killed a number of the movement's leaders and senior members, most prominently Sheikh Yasin, the movement's founder and spiritual leader, and his successor as Hamas leader, Abd al-Aziz Rantissi. Nonetheless, Hamas's duality as ‘worshippers’ and ‘warmongers’ has made the organisation extraordinarily popular among dispossessed Palestinians and has created a mounting political challenge to the secular nationalism of the plo. At present two-thirds of the Palestinians live below the ‘poverty line’ and it is likely that it is in this disenfranchised segment of the population that Hamas finds its core support. About one in every six Palestinians in the Occupied Territories benefits from support from Islamic charities. Hamas, for its part, allocates almost all its revenues to its social services, but there is no evidence that Hamas or the other Islamic charities provide assistance conditional upon political support.     

The African ‘oil rush’ and US national security

The world's major oil-consuming nations, led by the USA, China and the Western European countries, are keenly interested in the development of African oil reserves, making huge bids for whatever exploration blocks become available and investing large sums in drilling platforms, pipelines, loading facilities and other production infrastructure. Indeed, the pursuit of African oil has taken on the character of a gold rush, with major companies from all over the world competing fiercely with one another for access to promising reserves. This ‘oil rush’ has enormous implications both for African oil producers and for the major oil-importing countries. For the producing countries it promises both new-found wealth and a potential for severe internal discord over the allocation of oil revenues (or ‘rents’); for the consuming countries, it entails growing dependence on imports of a vital substance from a region of chronic instability, with obvious national security overtones. Both these trends are reflected in US policy towards African oil. Desperate to procure additional supplies of foreign oil (to make up for the decline in domestic output), the Bush administration has made strenuous efforts to increase the role of US energy firms in African production. But because instability in Africa is an obstacle to such investment, it has sought to boost the internal security capacity of friendly African states and has laid the groundwork for direct US military involvement in Africa. At the same time Washington has become deeply concerned by China's growing interest in African oil, provoking an intense competitive contest between the two, with growing military overtones. In the end African societies will most probably suffer from this competition as an influx of arms bolsters the capacity of entrenched African regimes.     

The Infiltration of Terrorist Organizations Into the Pharmaceutical Industry: Hezbollah as a Case Study

Criminal syndicates and terrorist organizations are inherently different, one motivated by profit and the other by political goals. Yet their difference enables them to cooperate for their mutual benefit. Nowhere has this been more evident than in the drug trade; from harvesting and trafficking in illegal substances, it has been an easy transition to counterfeiting and disseminating medications. Hezbollah, in particular, has become involved in the production, smuggling and distribution of counterfeit medications in North America, Africa and the Middle East as a means of raising immense sums of money to finance its terrorist activities. Hezbollah's infiltration into the pharmaceuticals industry illustrates the danger posed by the marriage of terrorism and crime, which arises both from enhanced resources for terrorism, and from the corruption of a legitimate and necessary industry. Understanding the nature and extent of this danger is the first step in preparing to meet it.     

Banking on Social Change: Grameen Bank Lending to Women

The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh has become an international model for microcredit as a poverty alleviation strategy. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to evaluate the Grameen Bank as a strategy for empowering and improving the socioeconomic status of women in Bangladesh, and to identify lessons from the Grameen Bank experience that can inform development policy more generally. Arguments for and against Grameen Bank are evaluated in the light of evidence from studies of the Bank and knowledge of women and development. The conclusions that are drawn from this evaluation are that Grameen Bank is not a panacea for poverty alleviation and improving women's lives, that it has increased the income of borrowers, has led to improvements in specific aspects of their lives, and that it has potential if used in conjunction with other progressive social and economic policies to contribute to long-term, sustainable, progressive social change.     

IMPLEMENTING PERFORMANCE‐BASED FUNDING FOR HEALTH RESEARCH: WHEN GOVERNANCE AND PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS MATTER

The article examines the implementation by the Italian Ministry of Health of performance‐based funding to allocate resources for research to IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) hospitals. The analysis provides evidence that ten years from its introduction the performance‐based funding system has persisted, but it has been implemented rather differently from what had been imagined by its proponents. By drawing on the theoretical frameworks of policy implementation, agency, and relational contracting, the study establishes that the overall design of the system has contributed to this final outcome only to a limited extent. Rather, the lack of procedural fairness, as well as of political leadership in linking the system to national research priorities, has undermined the basis for trust between hospitals and the Ministry of Health. The article discusses how, in this, the governance of performance‐based funding and its strong ownership by the ministerial bureaucracy has been determinant.     

International tourism and export instability

Export diversification has been suggested as a strategy for decreasing the level of export earnings instability which is experienced by many developing countries. In recent years the international tourism sector has made an increasingly important contribution to the economies of many low income countries. This article examines whether diversification into the non‐traditional tourism sector has succeeded in decreasing the instability of export earnings. It was found that although tourism has the advantage of high growth rates and is a major source of foreign currency receipts, earnings from international tourism did not bring about a significant decrease in the instability of export earnings of most of the developing and industrialised countries considered. Furthermore, a net increase in the instability of earnings from tourism and merchandise exports occurred in a number of countries, and may be a particular problem in small, open developing economies.     

A Rawlsian analysis of the plight of Bihar

This article presents an analysis of the plight of Bihar, India’s poorest state, based on Rawlsian microfoundations as contrasted with those underlying neoclassical economics and rational choice theory. While these two disciplines, conceive of the individual as a rationally self-interested utility-maximizing agent, Rawls credits the individual with a reasonable as well as a rational capacity. A Rawlsian analysis, therefore, identifies and explains the principles upon which political action in Bihar has been based. Rather than focus on the failure to establish conditions for competitive markets or the maximizing strategies of political actors, this article identifies conflicts between democratic principles of equality and hierarchical principles of caste as central causes for Bihar’s stark conditions. Bihar … has become a, byword for the worst of India: of widespread and inescapable poverty; of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from the mafia dons they patronize; of a caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties; of terrorist attacks by groups of “Naxalite” Maoists; of chronic misrule that has allowed infrastructure to crumble, the education and health systems to collapse, and law and order to evaporate (Long, 2004: 17–18). Paul Clements is associate professor of political science at Western Michigan Univerisity and teaches primarily in the Master of Development Administration program. He received his doctorate from the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton in 1996. I am grateful for comments and suggestions from Emily Hauptmann, Jacinda Swanson, Atul Kohli, Peter Stone, Stephen Jackson, Lucinda Dhavan, from the editors atStudies in Comparative International Development, and from two anonymous reviewers. Suggestions from one reviewer were particularly helpful for the article’s articulation of the Rawlsian roots of the proposed analytic approach, and the integration of the theoretical and empirical arguments owes much to the editors.     

The Long-run Relationship between Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence for Developing Countries

Outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from developing countries has been growing significantly in both absolute and relative importance in recent years. Nevertheless, there is surprisingly little research on the home-country effects of outward FDI for these countries. This paper examines the long-run relationship between outward FDI and total factor productivity for a sample of 33 developing countries over the period from 1980 to 2005. Using panel co-integration techniques, we find that outward FDI has, on average, a robust positive long-run effect on total factor productivity in developing countries and that increased factor productivity is both a consequence and a cause of increased outward FDI.     

Privatization -- a major strategy of public service provision in china: a case study of urban housing policy and management

Challenged by its economic liberalization and financial constraints, the Chinese government has used privatization as its major strategy to manage service programs since China opened its door a decade and a half ago. Based on the commercial nature of housing, selling the national housing stock, vouchers and co-financing are the major ways for the government to withdraw from the provision of housing for urban Chinese. The government has been prudent about the process and has taken incremental steps. Privatization is a mixed blessing. It has brought some problems such as fraud, inequality in availability and price inflation. The Chinese government must build its institutional and managerial capacities to deal with these problems.     

Wages,Wage Inequality,and Education: The Case of a Microstate with a “Free Education for All” Policy

Like many developing states, Barbados has historically used education as a means of economic development. Specifically, for over three decades, the Barbados Government has provided free education from the primary to the tertiary level. This article investigates the benefits associated with higher education. Based on a sample of 400 Barbadians, the authors find that education has a positive impact on income and contributes to lower within-group wage inequality.     

Community engagement in Australian local governments: a closer look and strategic implications

Public input into decision-making through participatory and deliberative democratic practices has become a widely accepted and legislated responsibility of Australian local governments. At any one time, councils are leading submission processes, workshops and online surveys on a multitude of projects, ranging from long-term community strategic plans to public art projects. The increase in these practices has been exponential, leaving little time for critical reflection. The lack of empirical data to illustrate how community engagement is understood and practised in different councils has hindered sector-wide reflection. This paper presents the findings of the ‘Local Government Community Engagement Census’, a survey of 175 councils – approximately half – from 4 of Australia’s eastern states. This sectoral snapshot provides a picture of how councils understand, prioritise and practise community engagement, allowing critical reflection, an interpretation of implications and suggesting areas for future research.