Allele frequencies for 27 Y-STR loci with U.S. Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic samples

A total of 263 U.S. Caucasians, 260 African Americans and 140 U.S. Hispanics or a subset of 31 Caucasians, 32 African Americans, and 32 Hispanics were typed for 27 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) markers: DYS444, DYS446, DYS449, DYS463, DYS485, DYS490, DYS495, DYS504, DYS505, DYS508, DYS520, DYS522, DYS525, DYS532, DYS533, DYS534, DYS540, DYS556, DYS557, DYS570, DYS575, DYS576, DYS594, DYS632, DYS635, DYS641, and DYS643. Allele frequencies for each locus are reported along with nomenclature based on sequence analysis.     

Testing and evaluation of 43 "noncore" Y chromosome markers for forensic casework applications

A developmental validation study was performed on three Y-STR multiplex systems, Multiplex III (MPIII), Multiplex IV (MPIV), and Multiplex V (MPV), to ascertain their potential applicability to forensic casework. MPIII contains eight Y-STRs, including DYS426, DYS435, DYS436, DYS441, DYS442, DYS446, DYS462, and Y-GATA-A10, and one InDel, YAP (DYS287). MPIV contains 21 Y-STR loci, including DYS443, DYS444, DYS445, DYS447, DYS448, DYS449, DYS452, DYS453, DYS454, DYS455, DYS456, DYS458, DYS463, DYS464, DYS468, DYS484, DYS522, DYS527, DYS531 DYS557, and DYS588. MPV contains 13 Y-STR loci, including DYS459, DYS476, DYS488, DYS513, DYS549, DYS561, DYS570, DYS575, DYS576, DYS590, DYS594, DYS598, and DYS607. Full genetic profiles were consistently obtained for all three multiplexes with 25-50 pg of male DNA. No significant amplification was observed with 1 mug of female DNA. Each multiplex permitted the determination of the number of male donors in male:male DNA admixtures. Species specificity studies demonstrated some cross-reactivity with some primate samples. Environmentally compromised blood samples produced full or partial profiles after exposure to various conditions for up to 1 year. Full profiles were recovered from simulated casework specimens including cigarette butts and postcoital cervicovaginal swabs. Population data were collected to determine individual loci gene diversity and multiplex discriminatory capacity.     

BOOK REVIEW DEPARTMENT

Books reviewed in this article:
THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS, Second Edition ROBERT N. CORLEY and ROBERT L. BLACK, New York, N.Y., McGraw-Hill, 1968, pp. 762, §9.95.
THE END OF OBSCENITY CHARLES REMBAR, New York, Random House, 1968, pp. 528, §8.95.
EMORY BUCKNER MARTIN MAYER, New York, Harper & Row, 1968, pp. 293, §7.95.
LAWYERS' ETHICS: A SURVEY OF THE NEW YORK CITY BAR JEROME E. CARLIN, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1966, xxix, pp. 267, §6.95.
DECADE OF DECISION G. THEODORE MITAU, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967, pp. 234, §5.95.
THE SUPREME COURT FROM TAFT TO WARREN ALPHEUS THOMAS MASON, Baton Rouge, La., Louisiana State University Press, 1968, pp. 282, §6.95.     

Validation of a multiplex amplification system of 19 autosomal STRs and 27 Y-STRs

This article describes a newly devised autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system for 19 autosomal loci (D12S391, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D2S1338, D21S11, D3S1358, D5S818, D6S1043, D7S820, D8S1179, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, vWA, Penta D and Penta E), 27 Y-chromosome STR loci (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS449, DYS456, DYS458, DYS460, DYS481, DYS518, DYS533, DYS570, DYS576, DYS635, DYS627, YGATAH4 and DYF387S1) and amelogenin with six-colour fluorescent labelling. Various parameters were evaluated, such as its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, stability, ability to analysis of mixtures and effects of changes in the PCR-based procedures. All of the 47 selected STR loci were accurately and robustly amplified from 282 bloodstain samples. The species-specificity was high and some ability to inhibit Hematin was identified. The lowest detectable DNA amount was ≥0.125 ng. All of the male loci of the secondary component were revealed precisely when the control DNA was mixed at male/female and male/male ratios of 1:4 or more. We conclude that the present 19-plex autosomal STR and 27 Y-STR assay is both accurate and sensitive. It constitutes an additional powerful tool for forensic applications.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
The Law of Energy for Sustainable Development , edited by Adrian J. Bradbrook, Rosemary Lyster, Richard Ottinger and Wang Xi , published by Cambridge University Press, 2005, 630pp, £75.00, hardback.
Fresh Water and International Economic Law , edited by Edith Brown Weiss, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder , published by Oxford University Press, 2005, 506pp, £70.00, hardback.
Handbook of Global Environmental Politics , edited by Peter Dauvergne , published by Edward Elgar, 2005, 560pp, £125.00, hardback.
Emerging Forces in Environmental Governance , edited by Norichika Kanie and Peter M. Haas , published by United Nations University Press, 2004, 320pp, US$36.00, paperback.
Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements edited by Alexandre Kiss, Dinah Shelton and Kanami Ishibashi , published by Kluwer Law International, 2003, 352pp, £85.00, hardback.
German Environmental Law for Practitioners , edited by Horst Schlemminger and Claus-Peter Martens , 2nd edition, published by Kluwer Law International, 2004, 833pp, £119.25, hardback.
The International Climate Change Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures , Farhana Yamin and Joanna Depledge , published by Cambridge University Press, 2004, 730pp, £40.00, paperback.     

小鼠皮肤损伤后时序芯片数据分析及关键基因的筛选

目的 应用生物信息学方法对皮肤损伤后不同时间点的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)进行分析,为法医学皮肤损伤时间推断(wound age estimation)提供理论依据.方法 从基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)下载基因芯...     

Postmortem biochemical changes in canine blood

Antemortem and postmortem blood samples from 60 dogs were evaluated for sodium, chloride, potassium, urea nitrogen, glucose, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, and carbon dioxide levels. Temperatures were 4, 20 and 37 degrees C. Postmortem intervals were 3, 6, 12, and 48 h. Blood urea nitrogen, calcium, and protein values remained stable after death, indicating diagnostic significance. Potassium, creatinine, and phosphorus levels increased with time and sodium, chloride, and total carbon dioxide levels decreased with time; therefore, determining these chemical values could be beneficial in estimating time of death. Glucose values were of limited value.     

Genetic polymorphisms of 15 STR in Chinese Salar ethnic minority group

Allele frequency data for 15 STR loci, namely D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA, were obtained from a sample of 258 healthy unrelated individuals of Salar population in China. All loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. After comparing, significant differences were found between the Salar and Miao, Uigur, Han, Korean, Belgian, Byelorussian population at some loci. The results demonstrate that the loci are useful for forensic human identification and parentage testing.     

Genetic variation for 15 autosomal STR loci (PowerPlex 16) in a population sample from northern Greece

Fifteen autosomal STR loci were typed in a population sample of 318 unrelated individuals from northern Greece. Allele frequencies were determined, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tested, for the following loci: D5S818, D7S820, TH01, TPOX, vWA, CSF1PO, D16S539, D13S317, D8S1179, D3S1358, FGA, PENTA D, PENTA E, D21S11, D18S51.     

Crimes against water: non-enforcement of state water pollution laws

In the United States water pollution is a serious problem criminalized not only by the federal government, but by all states. These laws vary greatly in content, but are widely disobeyed and universally under-enforced. Statutes, case law, histories and journalism show “law in action” typologies of non-enforcement efficacious for analysis including: (1) jurisdiction issues like federal pre-emption, inter-state compacts, and constitutional limitations; (2) legislative issues such as failure to legislate, or legislating ineffectively; (3) agency issues, including administrative obstacles, delegation, power vacuums, procedure, and “agency capture”; (4) policing issues like apathy, under-funding/training, jurisdictional confusion, and “following the path of least resistance”; (5) prosecutorial issues, including isolation, intimidation, and ideological priority bias; (6) trial and appellate court issues, including unclear culpability, erroneous holdings, bias, and lack of judicial independence; and (7) citizen, victim, and defendant issues, including legal intellectual influence, environmentalist criminalization apathy, industry lobbying, environmental justice, reporting failures, self-policing, ethics and flight. The conclusion is non-enforcement in this area of criminal law shows that while federally there may exist a relatively consistent, content neutral enforcement system, at the state level resistance to enforcement is seen across a number of fronts. Ultimately, states can be seens as colonized frontiers servicing venture capitalism, consistent with a “race to the bottom.”     

颌面数字X线片性别判定指标的研究

目的筛选颌面侧位数字X线片(digital radiology,DR)的骨性定量指标,评估其在法医学性别判定中的应用价值。方法按纳入标准随机抽取颌面DR侧位片220例。对15项骨性指标(S-N,N-Me,Cd-Gn,S-Ns,S-Go(L),S-Gn,Cd-Go(L),SNA,SNB,SN-Npog,SN-MP,Gonial A,SN-RP,SN-NNs,SN-SGn)进行定量测量,采用方差分析方法分析各项指标是否有性别差异,应用逐步判别分析方法筛选出判别力较好的指标、建立判别函数并进行回代检验判别函数。结果200例颌面DR侧位片的15项指标中S-N,N-Me,Cd-Gn,S-Ns,S-Go(L),S-Gn,Cd-Go(L),SN-NNs等8项的性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);S-N,Cd-Gn,S-Ns,S-Gn 4项被纳入逐步判别函数。结论颌面DR侧位片中4项骨性指标(S-N,Cd-Gn,S-Ns,S-Gn)可用于性别判定,其判别准确率为95%。     

Polymorphism of 17 Y-STR loci in Taiwan population

Haplotypes and allele frequencies of 17 Y-STRs included in the AmpFlSTR((R)) Yfilertrade mark kit (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389 I, DYS389 II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, Y GATA H4) were examined in a population sample of 200 unrelated Taiwanese males living in Taiwan.     

Genetic data on 19 STR loci in south-east Poland

Allele frequencies for the 19 STRs loci, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, CSF1PO, F13A01, F13B, FESFPS, FGA, LPL, Penta D, Penta E, TH01, TPOX and VWA were obtained from a sample of 203-1188 unrelated individuals living in the area of south-east Poland.     

The X-linked STRs DXS7130 and DXS6803

This paper presents sequence and population genetic data of two new X-linked microsatellite markers, suitable for forensic purposes. Data were obtained from a sample of unrelated German individuals (male and female). Two highly informative markers could be added to the panel of ChrX STRs [J. Edelmann, S. Hering, M. Michael, R. Lessig, D. Deichsel, G. Meier-Sundhausen, L. Roewer, I. Plate, R. Szibor, 16 X-chromosome STR loci frequency data from a German population, For. Sci. Int. 124 (2001) 215-218; J. Edelmann, D. Deichsel, S. Hering, I. Plate, R. Szibor, Sequence variation and allele nomenclature for the X-linked STRs DXS9895, DXS8378, DXS7132, DXS6800, DXS7133, GATA172D05, DXS7423 and DXS8377, For. Sci. Int. 129 (2002) 99-103].     

公安机关刑事执法公开问题研究

通过15年的改革和发展，我国已经形成了刑事执法信息公开的原则、范围、内容、方式、时限、主体和监督救济渠道等相对完备的实施机制。但因为公安机关长期以来并没有信息公开的传统，要从神秘走向公开，还需要健全实施策略，改革公安机关信息公开法规的可操作性、公开责任的强制性、向公众公开的广泛性、公民知情权的可救济性。     

Y chromosomal STR haplotypes in the northeastern China Han population

Haplotype frequencies of 20 Y chromosome STR loci, DYS19, DYS385 (a/b), DYS389 (I, II), DYS390, DYS391, DYS393, DYS434, DYS435, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS441, DYS442, DYS444, DYS445, DYS446, DYS452 and DYS456 were determined from a sample of 122 unrelated males in the northeastern China Han populations.     

A preliminary study of forensic entomology in Medellín, Colombia.

This is the first report of an ongoing study of insect succession on carrion carried out in Medellín, Colombia, using pigs (Sus scrofa) as a model to determine the insect sequence over 207 days. During this period, 2314 insects belonging to the following orders and families were collected: Diptera: Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Piophilidae, Sarcophagidae, Syrphidae, Otitidae; Hymenoptera: Apidae, Formicidae, Halictidae, Mutilidae, Vespidae; Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Silphidae, Dermestidae, Cleridae, Nitidulidae; Dermaptera: Forficulidae; Hemyptera: Gelastocoridae, Coreidae; Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae.Five decomposition stages were observed (fresh, bloated, active decay, advanced decay, and dry remains) and four insect ecological categories (necrophagous, predators, omnivorous, and incidental). During the fresh stage, the first insects that appeared were flies of the families Sarcophagidae and Muscidae and specimens of Formicidae (Hymenoptera). During the bloated period, species of Calliphoridae (Diptera) were predominant and the first to oviposit. During the third and fourth stages (active decay and advanced decay), the most abundant families were Calliphoridae and Muscidae, although Staphilinidae (Coleoptera) also stood out. During the last stage (dry remains), the dominant family was Formicidae (Hymenoptera) followed by Dermestidae (Coleoptera) with a large number of immature insects.     

DIA3 phenotyping in human tissues, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing

The polymorphism of DIA3 was investigated in tissues of various human organs, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing. DIA3 types were demonstrated from tissues of brain, prostate, testis, ovary, and uterus, but not from tissues of spleen, pancreas, heart, liver, muscle, lung, skin, and kidney. Determination was possible from dental pulps stored at room temperature for up to 2 weeks and from fresh hair roots. The results show that the DIA3 typing by isoelectric focusing is useful for medicolegal individualization of brain, reproductive organs, teeth, and hairs.     

破产法的程序结构与利益平衡机制

我国2006年破产法因在程序设计中采取了“一个大门,三个小门”的设计思路,因而,破产法必然含有破产清算程序、和解程序与重整程序共同适用的部分,也含有各自的特别规定。“三种程序”的共用部分,包括:申请程序;公告与通知程序;管理人及其职责;破产债权;破产债权的申报;债务人的财产;破产费用与共益债务;取回权、抵销权、撤销权;法律责任等。而特别部分包括各种程序的启动主体、启动后的效力、程序之间的转换等。除此以外,因破产法是对债务人财产的一次性概括处理,因此,各种利害关系人的利益冲突在破产法上尤为突出,主要表现在:债权人与债务人之间的利益冲突、债权人与出资人之间的利益冲突、债权人与债权人之间的利益冲突、有担保债权人与无担保债权人之间的利益冲突、申报债权的债权人与未申报债权的债权人利益冲突、共益债权人与一般债权人之间的利益冲突、管理人与债权人之间的利益冲突、职工利益与其他利害关系人利益的冲突等,破产法对于这些利益冲突进行了平衡性制度安排。但在对这些冲突进行了平衡性制度安排的背后,却存在着有争议的价值判断。     

Book Reviews

Book Reivewed in this article:
RICHARD L. ABEL, UCLA Law School, Box 951476, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476, United States of Americ
JOHN ARMOUR, Faculty of Law and Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, 10 West Road, Cambridge CB3 9DZ, England
LEORA BILSKY, Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv Univeristy, Tel Aviv, Israel