National Treasure: Implicit Protections of Cultural Property in the United States

Despite the international prevalence of cultural export controls, the United States has not adopted explicit measures for that purpose. Whereas many culture-rich nations have found it necessary to implement explicit export controls to stem an exodus of prominent works of culture, U.S. common law and national policy, by relying on traditional concepts of property ownership rights and charity, have achieved similar effects without placing undue limits on international trade. In this article, I posit that any change in the current approach and toward explicit export control would be inimical to the U.S. self-interest and the developmental direction of the relevant legal policy.     

中美侵犯商标权犯罪刑事立法比较

日益凸显的侵犯商标权犯罪对我国商标权法律保护体系发出了挑战.由于特殊的历史文化背景、法律制度及国情,美国的知识产权保护制度走在了世界的前列,将其与我国的商标权刑事保护制度进行多方面的比较研究,可以获得许多有益的启示,对发展、完善我国的商标权刑事保护法律制度具有积极的作用.     

Co-Corrections in the United States of America, 1970-1990

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the impact of co-corrections on women prisoners is reported on here. An exhaustive search of the literature found nine studies that report on the impact of co-corrections for women prisoners. The general finding across all nine is that co-corrections offers women prisoners few, if any, economic, educational, vocational, and social advantages. Co-corrections benefits male prisoners and system maintenance.     

表达自由:美国非营利组织的宪政基石

在美国,对于非营利组织而言,表达自由远比结社自由更为重要.表达自由保障了非营利组织的资源筹措,限制了官方对非营利组织的表达活动的任意限制,提高了官员及公众人物对非营利组织提起诽谤诉讼的门槛,从而成为美国非营利组织发展的宪政基石.     

美国惩罚性赔偿制度研究

不久以前,最高人民法院在一个司法解释中,明确规定了惩罚性损害赔偿,从而引起我国民法学界关于惩罚性损害赔偿是否可以确立为一个制度的讨论。因为这种制度应否确立,直接关系到民事责任的传统目的,即救济补偿的取向是否要做修正。所以,这是一个涉及制度目的和价值取向的重要问题。王利明此文对这种美国固有的制度从历史生成、制度构造、特征意义及操作方法诸方面作了细致深入的探究分析,并在此基础上指出了该制度对我国法律制度的启发意义。所述道理观点如何,足可见仁者智者之功。     

论美国行政法上说明理由即时性原则

说明理由制度是行政法上的基本制度,是现代国家规范行政权、促进行政法治及保障公共参与的重要方式。我国以单行法的形式规定了特定类别行政行为的说明理由义务,但由于规定粗略、标准不一及法律后果不明确等原因,使说明理由要求难以发挥其制度功能。美国行政法上的说明理由即时性原则奠定了说明理由制度在行政法上的基础地位,在制约行政裁量滥用的同时极大地促进了形式法治,但同时对规则制定造成了些许负面影响。有条件地接受事后说理,将即时性原则视为司法审查的一般指导性规则,统一发回不撤销判决方式的适用情形,将促进行政法治与实现行政管理目标并重,是修正即时性原则的基本方向。深入探究即时性原则的分析框架和发展方向对完善我国说明理由制度极具借鉴意义。     

宪法命运的文化建构

修宪使宪法更加完善,但这不是最终目的,修宪后的贯彻落实更为重要.贯彻落实宪法,使宪法有一个好的命运,有许多工作要做,其中宪法文化的建构非常重要.在很大程度上,一国的宪法文化决定着一国的宪法命运.我国宪法的未来命运在很大程度上取决于宪法文化的建构.我国应当从宪法观念、宪法制度和宪法理论等方面入手,加快宪法文化的建构.     

Narratives as the Cultural Context of Law

Law can be characterised as a highly specialized tool with strong social impact requiring social legitimization and acceptance. Law is also specific, abstract world. World that needs words to exist. To understand law and to share its content it is important to focus on narratives related to it. The article deals with the importance of narration in law as the consequence of discursive peculiarity of law and its dependence on the acceptance of societies. Law is culturally conditioned, and by means of narrative can combine the expectations of society concerning legitimation with legal rationality. The law cannot function exclusively as an abstract and formal structure nor an administrative apparatus, with own ways of legitimization or justification. Through social acceptance law gains its real form, but at the same time it is subordinated to cultural patterns. Changes in narratives change the law and then the real world. The article shows possible ways of analysis of narratives, narrative strategies and forms that are present in law.

     

The Place of Legal Positivism in Contemporary Constitutional States

The aim of the paper is that of discussing some recent antipositivist theses, with specific reference to the arguments that focus on the alleged incapability of legal positivism to understand and explain the complex normative structure of constitutional states. One of the central tenets of legal positivism (in its guise of methodological or conceptual positivism) is the theory of the separation between law and morality. On the assumption that in contemporary legal systems, constitutional law represents a point of intersection between law and basic moral values, antipositivists contrast legal positivism with two main arguments. First, on a more general level, the positivist theory of the separation between law and morality is questioned; then, and consequently, the neutrality thesis in the juristic study of law is rejected. The author discusses both these antipositivist arguments, and offers a brief defence of methodological positivism.     

国家荣誉制度及其宪法建构

在国家荣誉制度的立法过程中,应对其政治理念、宪法依据与宪制功能有深入的认知。荣誉制度作为连接国家与公民的政治纽带,一方面强化公民与国家之间的政治归属,促成政治认同与进行社会动员;另一方面则代表国家对公民进行教化与规训,经由英模塑造达成特定国家目标。中国宪法规定了国家荣誉与个人荣誉的双重主体结构与实现路径,国家荣誉构成个人荣誉的前提和基础,服务于国家任务的实现。此外,国家荣誉制度兼具重要的宪制功能,包括了对于政权合法性的建构、对于政治诉求的吸纳,以及引导主流价值观。国家荣誉立法应符合宪法所设定的原则,提高与增强国家荣誉的权威性和稀缺性,强调评审机制的独立性和参与性,并通过荣誉制度来培育公民的政治人格。     

Introduction: Comparing National Styles of Regulation in Japan and the United States

The articles in this issue generally reinforce conventional images of American regulation as often adversarial and legalistic and of Japanese regulation as more informal and cooperative. They also suggest that, in regulating pollution and occupational safety in larger firms, Japan's regulatory style is equally effective and more economically efficient than the American approach. But Japan's style appears less effective when regulation requires changes in elite attitudes, as in the realm of workplace equality for women. Moreover, developments in Japan's financial sector reveal ways in which informal regulation can result in undue deference to business and political interests.     

The Use of Incarceration in the United States

The past two decades have produceda profound increase in imprisonment in theUnited States, resulting in a prison populationof two million and expenditures of over $35billion annually on corrections, while otherimportant government services are underfunded. Imprisonment is highest for minority maleslargely because of the War on Drugs, which hasalso dramatically increased the incarcerationof women and created nearly 1.5 millionchildren having a parent incarcerated. Inresponse to this trend, the American Society ofCriminology (ASC) directed the ASC NationalPolicy Committee (NPC) to draft a policy paperon the incarceration issue. This articleexplains the main ideas, themes, andrecommendations of the full policy paper. Itanalyzes the sources and effects of theincreased use of imprisonment, drawingattention to the negative effects of excessiveincarceration. The paper and itsrecommendations reflect a concern that the ASCneeds to set a research agenda that isindependent of the federal government andconventional wisdom. The NPC hopes this paperwill stimulate a healthy and much overduedebate on the role of the ASC in public policyin general, and the merits of widespreadincarceration in particular.     

美国最高法院KSR案对美国软件专利发展之影响

2007.4.30美国最高法院对于非显而易见性的认定标准作出了一项影响深远的判决-KSR案(KSR v.Telenex,550 U.S.--,127 S.Ct.1727,82 U.S.P.Q-2d 1385).这对于当时美国软件专利犹如脱缰野马般朝向开放的发展方向,可说是重重踩了煞车.虽然过去关于KSR案已有相当多的论述,然而对于影响非显而易见最为关键的因素("所属技术领域之通常知识者"的创造能力之演变)却探讨不多,因此将尝试重新检视美国对于非显而易见性的认定标准之演进,期能了解KSK案在其中的意涵,进而探讨对于美国软件专利发展之影响.