比例原则审查基准的构建与适用

构建类型化的比例原则审查基准体系,是实现司法能动主义下司法监督功能的现实需要,是克服比例原则的抽象性缺陷以增加司法理性的必然要求。对于行为目的与手段的正当性进行区分强度的司法审查,已成为发展趋势之一。比例原则在我国得到了日益广泛地适用,但大量案件似乎都只是宽松审查。应根据比例原则的规范内涵与逻辑结构,综合考量受侵害权利的属性与种类、侵害的方式与程度、公共利益的属性与种类、事务的专业性程度等因素,构建比例原则的宽松审查、中度审查和严格审查三种审查基准类型。比例原则审查基准的类型化不应成为终极追求目标,法官在个案中的合比例性裁量需要限缩,但不应受到过度挤压。     

Effectiveness of Femur Bone Indexes to Segregate Wild from Captive Minks,Mustela vison,and Forensic Implications for Small Mammals

Utilization of free‐living populations of endangered wildlife species is usually strictly prohibited or restricted. Farming of endangered species can provide products that are in demand as a countermeasure. A novel forensic issue arises because it becomes necessary to discriminate the origin of given wildlife products. We tested the effectiveness of five measurements and four indexes of femur bone using farmed minks (n = 40) and escapees (n = 32). Results showed all measurements, namely body mass (L_f), body length (M_f), femur mass (V_f), femur length (M_b), and femur volume (L_b), were highly discriminatory. However, they are susceptible to the influence of nutrition level and sex. Femur length index (I_fl), femur linear density (D_l), and femur volume density (D_v) eliminated the influence of level of nutrition and were highly effective. However, I_fl and D_l were influenced by sex (p = 0.000). Because D_v was not influenced by sex (p = 0.683) and was highly effective, it was the preferred index.     

法律与全球化一般理论述评

<正>全球化（Gobalization）是当代世界的发展潮流与客观趋势,它不仅深刻地触动和改变着世界经济、政治、法律、文化的格局,而且还向意识、思想领域扩散,成为人们思考问题、观察世界的新背景和研究框架。①而就全球法律的实践而言,各种全球性法律现象已成为当今世界法律发展的主要趋势,越来越     

从一般预防理论看《中华人民共和国食品安全法(草案)》

法律应当具有一般预防的目的,即通过法律惩罚的威胁以及惩罚的实现,公众应当掌握法律的禁止性规定并避免违反这些规定。法律一般预防目的的实现与法律的明确性和精确性、制度设计的有效性以及责任和惩罚的合理性密切相关。《中华人民共和国食品安全法(草案)》在明确性和精确性、制度设计有效性以及惩罚力度等方面存在诸多欠缺。《草案》应增设食品安全国家标准,完善监管体制以及各项具体制度,提高法律惩罚力度、降低起刑点,从而提高本法的威慑和预防效果。其中,降低起刑点是实现本法一般预防目的的关键和今后立法应当努力的方向。     

Implications for Criminal Justice from the 2002 and 2006 Department of Defense Gender Relations and Sexual Harrasment Surveys

Sexual misconduct has emerged as a widespread problem throughout the criminal justice system as indicated by law enforcement officer sexual assault incidents in various cities and the findings of the recent National Prison Rape Elimination Act Research Commission. Through multivariate statistical analysis of data from two Department of Defense-wide surveys (2002 and 2006), this paper examines the indicators and cofounders of sexism, sexual harassment, and sexual assault with attention to change during the study period. Findings inform a suggested anticipatory model for prevention and intervention in military settings that, based on shared characteristics such as male dominance and authoritarian culture, provide an approximate reference context for criminal justice sexual misconduct best practices consideration.     

《保险法》第二次修改及相关问题概述

2008年8月25日，《保险法》第二次修订的阶段性成果——《中华人民共和国保险法（修订草案）》，已经由十一届全国人大常委会第四次会议进行了初次审议，并向社会公开徵集意见。至此，《保险法》第二次修改工作已经进入最後冲刺阶段。     

一般法理学的“乌托邦”——述评《全球化与法律理论》

全球化对传统法理学体系结构的封闭、研究对象的狭隘和理论视角的片面提出了挑战。特瓦宁教授提出要复兴一般法理学,为描绘世界的总体法律图景提供适当的概念工具,为在更广阔的背景中审视法律现象选取有效的观察视角,为提炼和概括超越特殊法律文化的元语言(meta-language)探求实际可行的道路。尽管他的理论设计是完美的,却难以付诸法理学研究的实践。     

Extraction of DNA from Skeletonized Postcranial Remains: A Discussion of Protocols and Testing Modalities

This paper provides a retrospective of the DNA analysis performed by the Armed Forces Medical Examiner–Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory between 1990 and 2018. Over 13,000 postcranial osseous materials, comprised of wartime losses from World War II, the Korean War, and South‐East Asia, were examined by the following: mitochondrial DNA sequencing, a modified AmpFlSTR® Yfiler?, AmpFlSTR® MiniFiler?, PowerPlex® Fusion, or NGS. Four different DNA extraction protocols were used: incomplete demineralization coupled with an organic purification; complete demineralization with an organic purification; complete demineralization with an inorganic purification using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit; and a protocol designed specifically for use with next‐generation sequencing. In general, complete demineralization coupled with an organic purification was the optimal extraction protocol for sequencing of mitochondrial DNA, regardless of the osseous element tested. For STR testing, demineralization paired with an inorganic purification provided optimum results, regardless of kit used or osseous element tested.     

对我国《海商法》中“共同海损＂一章的修改意见

文章在对北京规则、约克 -安特卫普规则以及国际保险联盟提交 CMI的修改共同海损建议案进行比较研究的基础上 ,对我国《海商法》中“共同海损”一章提出了具体修改意见 ,并论述了修改的理由     

论制止危害中国海洋领土安全活动的法律对策

近年来,中国海洋领土安全受到各种危害活动的严重威胁,主要表现在钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿和南沙群岛部分岛礁被外国非法占领,在专属经济区内以及专属经济区上空针对中国的外国军事活动明显增多等等。因此,为了持续宣示中国对被外国占领的岛礁的主权,应通过特别立法建立巡航制度,派遣军舰前往我被占领土地区巡航,在时机成熟时收复岛礁并实行有效控制;借助国内立法明确中国政府在“专属经济区军事活动”问题上的立场,针对不同性质的活动适用不同的规则;建立“防空识别区”防止针对中国的外国军用飞机飞越专属经济区上空。我们的立场、观点和主张应借助国内立法确定下来,为将来解决国际争端主张我方权利时提供有力证据。     

Reform of Licensing for Marine Works: Improvement and Clarification Under the Marine and Coastal Access Bill 2008

Important legislative change is underway in the marine environment. In relation to the licensing of activities which are carried out in this zone the need for change is significant for many interested sectors such as: energy generation; the extractive industries; port and harbour developments; fisheries; and bodies involved with the conservation of both natural and archaeological/cultural resources. This article considers the main aspects of the existing legislative situation in relation to marine licensing and then goes on to describe and evaluate the proposed new system to be substituted through the Marine and Coastal Access Bill (the Bill). In order to provide some basis for evaluation, the protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) provides a backdrop against which to assess the developments. The means by which interventions in the marine environment are currently regulated are complex, in some situations overlapping, and in others questionable as to the overall coherence of their regulatory effects. Parties which might be considered to be ‘interested’ are often excluded from formal deliberations, guidance is patchy, although proliferating, and voluntary agreements (BMAPA 2003; COWRIE 2007) on best practice within sectors have been developed in the absence of official provision—while these are undoubtedly useful, they lack the rigour of systematic legislative underpinning, which it is hoped that the Bill will address.