法律论证理论中的证明证据和证成

法律论证理论是实践论辩理论的一个局域性的论证类型。法律论证的实质是论辩。法律论证中的证明和证据概念强调合法性。法律论证的一个重要概念是证成,它分为内部证成和外部证成两种证成形式,这些证成是由若干规则、公式和原则来构成的,用以在法律论证中获得健全的实践理性。     

证据开示制度的法理与构建

证据开示 ,是指诉讼的一方当事人向另一方当事人提供和透露与案件有关的证据和信息的作法和程序。证据开示制度是实现审前信息交流的重要装置之一。在具有职权主义传统的国家 ,如法、德、意 ,证据信息的透露和提供往往是通过被告人或辩护人行使阅卷权的形式实现的。虽然在表现形式、透露范围和方向以及侧重点上各有不同 ,但阅卷权与证据开示制度构成了审前证据信息交换的两种典型形式。与职权主义主导的诉讼形式相比 ,在对抗式和存在对抗式因素的诉讼形式下 ,证据开示制度有着更为突出的意义。一、国外证据开示的法理及演变与其他古老的法律…     

Legal Principles and Legal Theory

Current legal theory is concerned with the presence of principles in law partly because they are at the core of Dworkin's criticisms of Hart's rule of recognition. Hart's theory is threatened by the possibility that the identification of some principles follows an extremely relaxed rule of recognition, or even no rule at all. Unfortunately, there is no conclusive test to ascertain what is the case in actual practice. On the other hand, the evaluative arguments which support Dworkin's proposal of principled adjudication are forceful but not conclusive. Moreover, since ultimate controversy over values is plausible, judicial discretion may sometimes be inevitable.     

Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory Revisited

This article deals with the relation between a theory of law and a theory of legal reasoning. Starting from a close reading of Chapter VII of H. L. A. Hart's The Concept of Law, it claims that a theory of law like Hart's requires a particular theory of legal reasoning, or at least a theory of legal reasoning with some particular characteristics. It then goes on to say that any theory of legal reasoning that satisfies those requirements is highly implausible, and tries to show that this is the reason why not only Hart, but also writers like Neil MacCormick and Joseph Raz have failed to offer a theory of legal reasoning that is compatible with legal positivism as a theory of law. They have faced a choice between an explanation of legal reasoning that is incompatible with the core of legal positivism or else strangely sceptical, insofar as it severs the link between general rules and particular decisions that purport to apply them.     

Legal Theory for Legal Empiricists

There is a widespread view that one does either theory or empirical work, and that theory and empiricism represent distant concerns, opposing worldviews, and perhaps distinct mentalities or personalities. This prevalent view has deep roots and is also the result of pragmatic and understandable tendencies toward division of intellectual labor. Against this view, this essay suggests that the relations between theory and empirical study ought to be understood as more intimate and that making legal theory an explicit focus can improve empirical scholarship. We pursue this claim by articulating a basis for legal theory and by showing how that basis illuminates both the application and design of empirical research on law. Legal theory, we argue, follows jurisprudence in interrogating the law as a set of coercive normative institutions. The upshot of this approach is a recognition that an interdisciplinary analysis of law must rely on both a theory (explicit or implicit) of the way law's power and its normativity align and an account of the way in which this discursive cohabitation manifests itself institutionally. We thus argue that legal theory is necessary in order to draw fruitfully on empirical research and further claim that legal theory provides guidance both for setting up an empirical research agenda on law and for designing research into specific topics.     

亚历山大·佩策尼克的法律转化与法律证成理论

亚历山大·佩策尼克一生的研究重点在于法律论证理论和认识论,特别是法律与正义上的融贯理论,在《作为合理性的理性:论法律证成》一书中提出了一套独特的法律转化与法律证成理论。在他看来,法学结论、司法裁决等既可以在法律语境之中充分证成,也可以在它之外加以证成。前者为法律语境内充分证成,其建立在既有的法律传统之上;后者为深度证成,它们作为商谈之最佳化条件下尽可能根本的证成而被法律人视为正当的前提提供某种支持或者批判。他成功地将法律解释的分析与我们这个时代最为核心的哲学、道德和文化问题结合起来。     

The Derivational Theory of Legal Interpretation in Polish Legal Theory

International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique - The article presents so-called “derivational” theory of legal interpretation and...     

Legal Theory and Sociological Facts

The authors investigate MacCormick and Weinberger's claim that the Institutional Theory of Law provides a conceptual framework for the study of legal phenomena from a socio-legal point of view. They evaluate this claim by confronting both the Institutional Theory of Law and Weinberger's theory of action with two approaches in socio-legal theory, i.e. the instrumentalist and the constitutive approach. The conclusion is that the Institutional Theory of Law lends itself to empirical research from an instrumentalist perspective, for both place the concept institution in the context of law. Weinberger's theory of action may provide a basis for empirical research from a constitutive perspective. The authors make some suggestions for refinement of Weinberger's theory of action in order that the relation between institutions and action can be labeled dynamic.     

以限制证据证明力为核心的新法定证据主义

中国证据立法遵循了一种以限制证据的证明力为核心的基本理念，即“新法定证据主义”的理念。证据法不仅对单个证据的证明力大小强弱确立了一些限制性规 则，而且对认定案件事实确立了一些客观化的证明标准。这一证据理念的出现，与立法者对证据真实性的优先考虑、对法官自由裁量权的限制有着密切的关系，也与刑事诉讼的纠问化、司法裁判的行政决策化存在因果关系。这一证据理念及其影响下的证据立法活动，固然有其现实的合理性，却带来了一系列弊端。要推动中国证据立法的健康发展，需要对“新法定证据主义”及其影响下的证据立法进行理论清理，并创造条件消除促成这一证据理念产生的制度土壤和文化环境。     

论电子证据的法律效力

全国首例电子邮件作为判决依据的案例 ,把电子证据法律效力的讨论推上一个新的阶梯 ,然而意见相左 ,殊难统一 ,其间涉及证据的效力、属性及立法、司法等问题。本文意见与该讨论的两种主要观点不尽相同。在论述“法有缺陷”情况下法院不能对“他法”作“扩张”的基础上 ,提出电子证据有赖于法律赋予的论点 ;同时 ,论证电子证据既非“书面”也不“间接”的特性 ,分析当前引起争议的三种原因 ;最后 ,对《电子商务示范法》中为人忽视的一些问题作出探讨。     

Emerging Legal Orders. Formalism and the Theory of Legal Integration

Using analogies from research in simulation and artificial societies and borrowing from Weinrib's Philosophy of Private Law, we show how a "private law" model of law and legal integration does not need to presuppose the state as a regulatory framework. Rather, the state emerges as a "second order property" from the private law interaction of individuals. We apply this to the debate about harmonisation in Europe. We show how a form of unity in diversity can be built up starting with such individual interactions, extended later to interactions between member states. But this does not need to end up in an individualistic and neo-liberal model, as in Weinrib, if we understand the underlying exchange relation in terms of Wilhelmsson's social contract law.     

刑事诉讼的证明标准应为法律真实

近年来 ,刑事诉讼的证明标准成为我国诉讼法学领域乃至整个学界所普遍关注的热点问题 ,一些学者对传统的客观真实理论提出了挑战 ,认为刑事诉讼的证明标准应该是一种法律真实 (亦即相对真实 ) ①;而持客观真实论的学者也积极回应 ,《法学研究》2 0 0 2年第 4期刊登了张继成、杨宗辉二位先生撰写的“对‘法律真实’证明标准的质疑”一文 (以下简称张文 ) ,主张刑事诉讼的证明标准只能是“客观真实” ,并从逻辑学的角度对持“法律真实”论的学者进行了批判。张文的发表在法学界产生了较大的影响 ,因为无论是持法律真实观还是客观真实论的学者 …     

数字证据法律制度

从计算机的出现、互联网使用到数字化生存 ,技术的进步在改变我们生活状态的同时也成为我们生存方式的一部分。对于如此重大的社会变化 ,法律制度因此也需要有相应的调整。本文以技术进步与司法实践的关系为基点 ,讨论与数字证据有关的证据法律制度。　　 一、技术进步与法律制度法律制度的发生、变化和分野 ,不能完全用法律制度自身的逻辑变化来解释。对社会进步有重大影响的技术的普及 ,推动着法律运行的变革 ,甚至会推动一套全新的制度产生。随着互联网的出现 ,数字证据现在已经被许多国家接受为法律证据的一种形式 ,关于数字证据的一套…     

儒家法律特点的再认识

法史学者对儒家法律特点的问题已有许多论说.本文拟从以下几个角度对此问题进一步说明.在前人旧说的基础之上略有阐发,希望能为相关问题研究的深化和拓展有所助益.     

Epistemological Perspectives in Legal Theory

Abstract The authors deal with several important epistemological problems in legal theory. The Nineteenth century background is analyzed from the emergence of legal science freed from the constraints of natural law and built on the model of the empirical sciences. The authors show how this science of law has been influenced by the social sciences and trends in ideological criticism throughout the Twentieth century. The epistemological question central to legal science is tackled, i.e., what kind of “epistemological break” should there be with regard to the object studied? To answer this question, the authors plead for the adoption of a “moderate external point of view” which bears in mind lawyers' “internal point of view.”