家兔肺脂肪栓塞后超微病理学观察

目的 研究脂肪栓塞后肺组织的超微结构变化.方法 通过向实验组家兔血管内注射脂肪诱导肺脂肪栓塞制作肺栓塞动物模型,分别于栓塞即刻(0 h)和栓塞后3、8 h及1、2、7、14d处死动物;对照组家兔注射同等剂量的生理盐水,其余处理方法与实验组相同.经HE和苏丹Ⅲ染色证实造模成功后,用透射电镜观察肺组织的超微结构变化.结果 ...     

20例脂肪栓塞死亡的法医学分析

目的分析脂肪栓塞综合征（fatembolismsyndrome,FES）死亡的一般情况以及法医病理学特点,为此类案件的法医病理学鉴定提供参考。方法选取某大学法医学鉴定中心1999—2012年20例FES死亡案件．对其一般情况及法医病理学特点（包括致伤方式、损伤类型、临床表现、病理学改变等方面）进行总结。结果脂肪栓塞主要见于损伤导致的长骨骨折和全身大面积软组织损伤,主要类型为肺脂肪栓塞,偶见合并脑脂肪栓塞。症状多出现在伤后和术后较短时间内,组织病理学检查可在肺小血管内检见大量脂滴并经特殊染色证实。结论FES死亡案例在损伤类型、脂肪栓塞出现症状时间及组织病理学表现等方面均有一定规律和特点。在鉴定中应注意进行特殊染色（油红0染色）处理,寻找FES的直接证据。     

A Minimally Invasive Technique for the Detection and Analysis of Pulmonary Fat Embolism: A Feasibility Study*

We investigated the feasibility of postmortem percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) for obtaining pulmonary samples adequate for the study of pulmonary fat embolism (PFE). Samples of both lungs were obtained from 26 cadavers via two different methods: (i) PNB and (ii) the double-edged knife technique, the gold standard at our institute. After water storage and Sudan III staining, six forensic pathologists independently examined all samples for the presence and severity of PFE. The results were compared and analyzed in each case regarding the vitality of the PFE and its relationship to the cause of death. The results showed that PFE was almost identically diagnosed and graded on the samples obtained via both methods. The discrepancies between the two techniques did not affect the diagnoses of vitality or cause of death related to PFE. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the PNB sampling method for the diagnosis and interpretation of PFE in the postmortem setting.     

脂肪栓塞中苏丹Ⅲ染色的定量分析

目的探讨苏丹Ⅲ染色如何定量应用于脂肪栓塞的法医学鉴定。方法应用苏丹Ⅲ对11例肺脂肪栓塞猝死的案例和11例其他原因致死的案例进行染色,并结合统计学方法对脂肪栓塞的阳性面积百分率及脂肪栓子数进行定量分析。结果脂肪栓塞致死者肺内苏丹Ⅲ染色阳性面积百分率为（5±1．7）％、脂肪栓子数为（9±2．4）％,均远大于其他原因致死的案例（P〈0．01）。结论苏丹Ⅲ染色法定量分析在脂肪栓塞中的法医学鉴定上结果可靠。     

脂肪栓塞综合征的法医学研究进展

脂肪栓塞综合征（fat embolism syndrome,FES）是一种较多见而又威胁生命的临床症候。多年来,FES一直是医学界,尤其是法医学及骨科学领域研究的难点。在法医学中,FES的鉴定因缺乏典型的症状、体征,极易发生误鉴或漏鉴。本文就FES的病因、发病机理、病理学、致死机制以及FES的最新法医学诊断研究进行了回顾。     

Neck and scleral hemorrhage in drowning

The determination of the cause and manner of death for a body recovered from the water can be difficult because of a lack of autopsy findings specific for drowning. This case report describes a 30-year-old man found submerged at the bottom of a hotel pool. An autopsy revealed scleral hemorrhages and fascial hemorrhages of multiple muscles of the anterior and posterior neck bilaterally. No evidence of traumatic injury was on the surface of the body. An investigation by law enforcement found no evidence of foul play. The occurrence of petechial and neck hemorrhage in a body recovered from the water is controversial, and a review of this literature will be given. We suggest that fascial hemorrhages of the muscles of the neck, as well as cephalic hemorrhages, can be explained by drowning-related elevated central venous pressure that is communicated to the head through the valveless veins of the neck.     

Intravascular bullet embolism to the right atrium

Bullet embolism is a relatively unusual complication of gunshot wounds. Embolism to the right atrium comprises <5% of all reported intravascular bullet emboli. We report an additional case of bullet embolus to the right atrium of a 0.38-caliber bullet following a gunshot wound to the chest. The intracardiac bullet was recognized radiologically on presentation, but the patient was hemodynamically stable and managed conservatively, with the bullet left in place. The missile remained within the heart without clinical significance for several years and was recovered from the right atrium only at the time of autopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a 0.38-caliber bullet which embolized to the right atrium and remained inconsequential for an extended period of time.     

宝鸡市358例法医送检器官的组织病理学分析

目的 分析法医尸体检验后送检器官的病理学特征,总结此类案件的特点.方法 对宝鸡市法医送检358例尸体解剖器官标本进行常规检查并进行组织病理学诊断. 结果 358例中以青壮年男性为主,死亡原因主要为创伤、猝死、中毒.组织学能明确死亡原因250例,无典型组织学病变101例,组织自溶腐败7例.病理诊断以心血管疾病为主,其次为呼吸、神经、消化系统疾病. 结论 法医解剖具有专业特点,与病理解剖不尽相同.组织病理学检验进行死亡原因诊断时,应积极与法医沟通,以充分掌握案情、死亡经过及特定的法医病理学特征.     

全面系统的法医学尸体检验及常见失误的防范

法医学尸体检验是法医学检案鉴定工作中的重要环节,是保证鉴定质量的基础和前提。虽然各人所做方法、步骤略有不同,每一案例又各有特殊性,但力求全面系统和规范是其基本要求。狭义的全面系统尸体检验是指尸体解剖时不仅应剖验颅、胸、腹腔这“三大腔”,还应剖验脊髓腔及其它应解剖的部位。如脊髓腔、关节腔、骨骼、眼球、周围神经和软组织等。而广义上的全面系统法医学尸体检验则应包括上述尸解和提取并保存适当、足量、可靠的检材标本这两方面。其常见的失误有:①案情不清,致尸检方案错误;②准备不足,盲目尸检;③仅作局解,片面不全;④尸解不规范,操作不标准;⑤观察不仔细,遗漏损伤或病变;⑥描述不准,记录不明,图照不清;⑦取材不适当,不能反映事实。     

肺动脉栓塞致死23例法医学分析

目的总结分析肺动脉栓塞致死的一般特点,探讨法医病理学鉴定要点及注意事项。方法对2001~2011年在中山大学法医鉴定中心鉴定的23例肺动脉栓塞案例进行回顾性分析。结果肺动脉栓塞致死以男性多见;发病年龄主要集中在31～70岁之间;主要诱因是严重外伤、长期卧床后运动,以下肢静脉系统血栓形成并脱落致肺动脉栓塞最为常见。结论对肺动脉栓塞致死案例法医病理学鉴定要点进行了总结。     

Retrograde venous cerebral air embolism from disconnected central venous catheter: an experimental model

There are few reported cases of death attributed to retrograde cerebral air embolism from central venous catheter. The pathophysiological mechanism and the necessary conditions are not fully understood, also because of missing experimental data. We performed experimental simulation while working on a possible case of retrograde cerebral air embolism. A hermetic system consisting of two containers connected to each other and to an electric pump by means of rubber hoses was built. In this system, a fluid (water and blood) could continuously flow under conditions similar to those of the common jugular vein. The part of the system representing the jugular vein could be freely positioned at angles between 0 and 90°. A central venous catheter was inserted into this part. After disconnection, the behavior of the air bubbles entering the hose through the tip of the catheter was evaluated at different positions. At angles between 0 and 45°, the air bubbles followed the fluid flow. At angles >45°, the air bubbles showed the tendency to flow upstream; this phenomenon was more evident the more vertically the hose was located. We were able to demonstrate that a retrograde air embolism can be caused by a disconnected catheter and is even more likely if the neck is in a vertical position.     

90例医疗纠纷尸检分析

目的分析、讨论医疗纠纷中法医病理学尸体解剖的重要性。方法收集温州医学院法医学系2001—2008年涉及医疗纠纷尸体解剖案例90例,按照死者年龄、性别、死亡原因及临床诊断和法医病理诊断等要素进行分类整理和分析。结果死者年龄从新生儿至72岁,男女比例为1∶1,医院级别以县级医院较多（30例,33.33%）,临床诊断与法医病理死因诊断符合率为33.33%。结论尸体解剖对涉及死亡的医疗纠纷的正确处理和防范有重要作用。     

虚拟现实技术在法医病理学中的应用

对虚拟现实技术的概况及其在法医病理中的运用、发展前景进行了综述。文献资料表明:随着手术导航系统、虚拟尸检、显微影像技术等虚拟现实技术的产生发展,这必将对法医病理学的教学、实验、科研及其实际运用产生深远的影响,并将极大推动本学科的发展。但由于软硬条件、成本、费用等的限制,这一技术要真正进入实践运用还需要进一步改进、完善。     

冠状病毒感染性疾病尸体检验相关病原学检测回顾与展望

冠状病毒曾经给世界带来两次严重的人类间大流行,包括严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute re?spiratory syndrome,SARS)和中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome,MERS),2019年岁末新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2...     

Fatal Venous Air Embolism Following Intravenous Infusion*

Abstract: Venous air embolism has been reported as a complication of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures or accidental trauma. Little is known about the incidence of air embolism after minimal intravenous manipulations such as the insertion of a peripheral intravenous cannula. Only when large amounts of air sufficient enough to block the cardiovascular system enter, the patient develops symptoms and signs of severe neurological injury, cardiovascular collapse, or death. The dead body of a 14‐year‐old boy was brought for postmortem examination with allegations of death from negligence during treatment. He was treated for pain in the abdomen in a hospital by attendants in telephonic consultation with a medical practitioner. Following intravenous infusions, the boy died suddenly in respiratory distress. Gross findings indicated the death to be from venous air embolism. Chemical analysis, histopathology, and microbiology ruled out other causes of death. Dilemmas of the case with difficulties in diagnosis are being presented herewith.     

Adult Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed during forensic autopsy

We report a case of fatal Hirschsprung's disease (HD) discovered at autopsy. A 20-year-old man collapsed at home. Emergency medical personnel found him in cardiac arrest and all resuscitative efforts failed. He had a past history of chronic constipation since infancy. Forensic autopsy revealed a megacolon full of gas and stools. Microscopic examination showed absence of ganglion cells in a short segment of the rectum and enterocolitis in the left and transverse colon. HD is rarely described in adults. In many cases, patients complained of constipation since infancy but the affection remained misdiagnosed. The relative good tolerance of the disease is usually due to a short aganglionic bowel segment. Enterocolitis is a frequent and severe complication of HD in children but is rarely described in adults. This case suggests the importance of HD diagnosis in childhood in order to avoid fatal complications with forensic consequences.     

Natural,Unexpected Deaths: Reliability of a Presumptive Diagnosis*

Abstract: We retrospectively analyzed 100 deaths because of suspicions and concerns expressed by the family. We compared the preautopsy cause of death, as determined by a thorough review of the clinical data and circumstances, to the autopsy‐derived cause of death. In the majority (91/100), the preautopsy and postautopsy proximate causes of death were in agreement. In 9%, the autopsy provided information that resulted in a proximate cause of death different than anticipated. In four instances, the manner of death also was incorrect and was determined to be an accident rather than the originally presumed natural. No homicide or suicide would have been misclassified. In another nine instances, where the premortem and postmortem proximate causes of death were in agreement, the autopsy provided a specific mechanism of death. With a quality initial medicolegal death investigation, a subset of sudden deaths in adults may be reliably certified without an autopsy.