未成年犯社区矫正分析

社区矫正在预防和控制未成年人犯罪方面具有十分重要的地位和作用,符合未成年犯的心理特征,有利于克服监禁刑的弊端,有利于和发达国家的刑罚模式接轨。我国社会主义的刑事政策、社会主义的法律体系以及日趋完善的社区和健全的司法行政体系资源为未成年犯罪人适用社区矫正提供了现实可能性。针对我国未成年犯社区矫正工作中存在的问题,笔者认为,更新行刑观念、对社区矫正进行科学定位、建立专门的社区矫正机构、配备专业的矫正人员、建立适合未成年人特点的社区矫正项目以及建立未成年犯社区矫正制度的评估体系是对未成年犯社区矫正制度完善的重要举措。     

精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关问题

为了探讨精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关理论 ,解决合同能力鉴定中鉴定标准混乱的问题 ,对合同能力鉴定的法律基础、标准、民事行为能力与民事权利能力的区别 ,民事行为能力的广义、狭义区分进行了论述。提出合同能力鉴定的核心问题是意思表示的真实性 ,主张将合同能力分为有、无两级 ,强调合同能力的分级与民事行为能力的等级存在区别。并提出合同能力鉴定的程式为 :首先判定其行为能力 ,有行为能力相应具有合同能力 ,无行为能力即无合同能力 ,限制民事行为者 ,应根据年龄、智力、精神健康状况、生活关联度 ,再分为有合同能力、无合同能力。     

比喻在司法中的适用与原则——“半影”的得失与启示

比喻是司法裁判中一种重要的技艺,它能够弥补逻辑推理的不足、增加裁判的说服力和可接受性,但它的适用必须特别审慎。比喻在美国联邦法院推定隐私权的过程中起到了重大作用,但这种适用有得有失。其"得"体现在经由比喻推导出了隐私权;其"失"体现在论证过程的不甚严谨且造成高昂的机会成本。在司法裁判中运用比喻时,至少应考量历史与传统、现实与社会、远景与近景等因素,以期能够达成一个有效而合理地衔接过去与现在,既能满足现实需求,又有利于社会长期发展的开放性裁判。     

审判公开的限度——以未成年人刑事审判为例

为了保护未成年人利益,对未成年人刑事案件不公开审判,这是审判公开原则的例外.其基本含义是审判过程不公开,其衍生规则包括:诉讼材料不公开、判决不公开、对其媒体报道要进行限制.但是,未成年人刑事案件不公开也是有限度的,必须在与正当程序、被告人利益、新闻自由等利益平衡后确定是否公开审判,以确保未成年人利益与公众知情权的合理平衡.     

论政治腐败及其控制--政治文明不能忽略的论题

在政治文明的论域里,政治腐败是一个不能忽略的论题.政治腐败是公共生活发生病变的政治现象,其内涵是指公共权力的公共性能减弱或丧失,它败坏着社会关系,侵蚀着社会经济基础,尤其是腐蚀着民主制度并挑战法治,阻滞着政治文明的进程.权力腐败可能发生在立法领域、行政领域和司法领域,还可能出现在选举或其它政治方面.全面抑制政治腐败是一项系统工程,可以着眼于物质化、精神化和制度化三个视角保障必要的物质待遇,实现"以薪养廉"战略;强化和张扬政治道德,以人格抵制政治腐败;加强和改进制度建设,以制度阻止政治腐败.     

合并与分离:刑事附带民事诉讼制度的反思与重构

刑事附带民事诉讼制度的立法目的在于减轻诉累 ,提高诉讼效率 ,保证正确处理刑事案件 ,维护司法判决的统一性和严肃性 ,维护国家、集体财产利益以及被害人的合法权益。但随着法制建设的不断进步 ,民事实体和程序法律的不断完善 ,刑事附带民事诉讼制度的实践价值受到质疑。同时由于我国在立法规范和制度设计上的缺陷 ,导致附带民事诉讼缺乏独立性、救济范围过于狭窄 ,从而造成了对被害人的利益保护不足。因此 ,总结我国的立法和司法实践 ,借鉴各国立法经验 ,强化刑事案件民事赔偿救济程序的独立性 ,逐步实现刑事诉讼与民事诉讼的分立 ,将成为重构我国刑事附带民事诉讼的立法趋势     

Unmasking the Crimes of the Powerful

Even in formally open, liberal, democratic states, a series of barriers exist as obstacles to critical criminologists who wish to conduct research that scrutinises the activities of powerful states and corporations. Much evidence suggests that in the current political climate, the barring of access to sources of data, neo-liberal re-configurations in the funding of research, and the narrowing of publishing and dissemination opportunities to counter-hegemonic voices are severely limiting the ability to conduct critical research. This article reports on recent experiences of researchers concerned with unmasking the crimes of the powerful and argues that, despite the obstacles power sources use to obscure and mystify the illegal and violent practices engaged in by states and corporations, there remains fertile space around research agendas, and in universities, for critical researchers to exploit. To gain insight from the ways in which researchers can, and do, establish alternative agendas, this article seeks to explore some of the principles that might inform and encourage those forms of resistance, and to establish how critical criminologists might continue to subject the powerful to scrutiny. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第14条关于公正审判权的规定

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第14条确立了国际社会公认的公正审判权的一般国际标准。公正审判权适用于刑事诉讼,同时也适用于民事诉讼、行政诉讼及其他可能的实际上的“诉讼案”。为实现公正审判权,人人都应享有在法庭前的平等权利、由独立和无偏倚的法庭进行审判的权利、被无罪推定的权利、在刑事审判过程中享有最低限度程序保证的权利、上诉或复审的权利、被终审误判时获得赔偿的权利和不因同一罪行受双重处罚的权利等。     

刑事诉讼视角下辩护权界说

在现代刑事诉讼中,被指控人的辩护权是一项贯穿始终的诉讼权利,主要表现为根据事实和法律提出和论证对被指控人有利的材料和理由,在实体上反驳指控,提出证明被指控人无罪、罪轻、应当减轻或免除其刑事责任的材料和意见,以及在程序上主张被指控人所拥有的合法的诉讼权利,防止其受到不公正的待遇和不应有的侵犯。但是由于司法理念和制度的弊端使得我国现实层面的辩护权呈现出与应然状态的脱节与偏离,因此,立足现状,改革与完善我国的刑事辩护权就显得尤为重要。     

Donation of 'spare' fresh or frozen embryos to research: who decides that an embryo is 'spare' and how can we enhance the quality and protect the validity of consent?

This paper analyses elements of the legal process of consent to the donation of 'spare' embryos to research, including stem-cell research, and makes a recommendation intended to enhance the quality of that process, including on occasion by guarding against the invalidity of such consent. This is important in its own right and also so as to maximise the reproductive treatment options of couples engaged in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment and to avoid possible harms to them. In Part 1, with reference to qualitative data from three UK IVF clinics, we explore the often delicate and contingent nature of what comes to be, for legal purposes, a 'spare' embryo. The way in which an embryo becomes 'spare', with its implications for the process of consent to donation to research, is not addressed in the relevant reports relating to or codes of practice governing the donation of embryos to research, which assume an unproblematic notion of the 'spare' embryo. Significantly, our analysis demonstrates that there is an important and previously unrecognised first stage in the donation of a 'spare' embryo to research, namely: consent to an embryo being 'spare' and so, at the same time, to its disuse in treatment. This is not explicitly covered by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (HFE) Act 1990, as amended by the HFE Act 2008. Having identified this important initial stage in the process of consent to the donation of a 'spare' embryo to research in conclusion to Part 1, in Part 2 we analyse the idea of consent to an embryo's disuse in treatment on the basis that it is 'spare' with reference to the legal elements of consent, namely information as to nature and purpose, capacity, and voluntariness. We argue that there are in fact three related consent processes in play, of which the principal one concerns consent to an embryo's disuse in treatment. If the quality of this first consent is compromised, in turn this will impact on the quality of the consent to the donation of that 'spare' embryo to research, followed by the quality of consent to future cycles of assisted reproduction treatment in the event that these are needed as a result of a donation decision. The analysis overall is of central relevance to the debate as to whether, and if so when, it should be permissible to request the donation of fresh embryos for research, as opposed to those that have been frozen and, for instance, have reached the end of their statutory storage term. This has a particular bearing on the donation of embryos to stem-cell research since there is a debate as to whether fresh embryos are most useful for this.     

行政法的治理逻辑

与国家管理模式相契合的行政法,因过分夸大公私益紧张关系,过分强调行政优益性,过分聚焦行政行为,过分重视命令-服从,导致行政法逻辑的扭曲和行政法制化正当性的削弱。正在崛起的公共治理模式要求确立一种因认同而遵从的行政法治理逻辑。为此,第一要反思行政法的治理机理,通过维护公共理性来助成解决私人选择失灵问题,从收用行政、给付行政、秩序行政和合作行政四个方面统筹重塑公私交融的行政法利益基础。第二在"还原"行政法行动场域的基础上,依靠针对性的机制设计来塑造行政法主体角色。第三将认知和建构行政法的视角从行政行为拓展至交涉性行政关系,遵循比例原则,设定一个行政支配性/公民自主性组合关系的谱系。第四建构一套行政法商谈框架,运用360°商谈模式寻求行政法效力的普遍认同。本文认为,与此种治理逻辑相契合的行政法呈现为非对称性平衡,它集中体现为行政与公民双方在权能上的势均力敌。     

论捕后羁押必要性审查——以新《刑事诉讼法》第93条为出发点

新《刑事诉讼法》增加的捕后羁押必要性审查制度，是人权保障理念在刑事诉讼领域的落实和展开，是对权力制衡理论和比例原则的顺应，将有助于防止超期羁押和随意羁押。但新《刑事诉讼法》对捕后羁押必要性审查机制的规定过于原则，需要从审查主体、程序的启动、运行以及救济等方面进行细化。为了使捕后羁押必要性审查机制有效运作，需要采取一些配套措施，如加强侦查取证能力以切断对羁押的依赖，加强部门合作拓展必要性判断的信息来源，探索羁押必要性判断方法的客观量化和判断主体的专业化等。     

Gatekeeping by Allegations: An Examination of Verified,Unfounded, and Fabricated Allegations of Child Maltreatment Within the Context of Resist and Refusal Dynamics

Allegations of child maltreatment and neglect, including child sexual abuse, in the context of child custody disputes pose particular challenges for child protection services, family law professionals and the courts to identify children at risk of harm, as well as children impacted and exposed to other risk factors. Accurately identifying child maltreatment requires assessing the background, the history and the context of the allegations in order to differentiate confirmed, unfounded, and fabricated allegations. The paper provides a review of the history and current understanding of allegations within the context of child custody disputes by considering the connections of fabricated allegations to the theory of alienation and the role of gatekeeping. The paper then examines the social science literature regarding allegations within child protection investigations (the prevalence, types of maltreatment, reporter of allegations, and case outcomes) and explores the factors that have contributed to the challenges faced by child protection services to investigate and make determinations regarding allegations within the context of child custody disputes. We argue for early assessment protocols for child protection services to screen child custody cases, to differentiate allegations of alienation from other types of harm, to enhance role clarity in these volatile situations, to refrain from “taking sides” and to work collaboratively with the family law community. Lastly, we offer legal implications to improve collaboration between child protection services and the family law field to better respond to these complex cases.     

和谐社会视阈下微罪不诉的社区帮教机制探析

微罪不诉的社区帮教机制符合构建社会主义和谐社会与刑罚轻刑化的趋势要求,对实现民主法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序的社会具有重要的现实意义。但该制度在我国尚处于探索阶段,试点中会遇到大量的理论和实践问题,应当严格把握微罪不诉的认定标准,规范微罪不诉社区帮教的接受和解除制度,针对社区帮教个案制定人性化帮教方案,建立和完善社区帮教人员选任制度,强化激励机制,细化考核标准,并完善相关配套制度以使我国微罪不诉的社区帮教机制取得较好的社会效果。     

Melting Moments: The Future of Polar Oceans Governance in a Warming World

Climate change poses significant physical, ecological, social and economic challenges to environmental, human and national security in polar regions. From an oceans governance perspective, increased human access to formerly ice-covered areas, and the potential for increased activities such as fishing, shipping, tourism, bioprospecting, off-shore mining, and oil and gas exploration, present significant legal challenges. While the issues are not unique to polar areas, the geopolitical, geographical and physical characteristics of the polar regions provide a unique and demanding framework in which to identify and address jurisdictional issues and issues relating to the protection of polar marine environments. This article attempts to identify the legal challenges ahead and to provide preliminary observations as to how the polar oceans governance regime might develop in the future.     

略论“孙子兵法”在社会治安管理中的运用

孙子曰：“兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。”。和平时期，国家安危，公安系于一半。维护稳定、惩治犯罪、控制治安，如同用兵打仗，必须斗智斗勇。当前，上海社会治安总体保持稳定，但治安形势仍然较为严峻，影响社会和谐稳定的因素还大量存在。而公安民警占人口总量的比例已高于全国平均水平，警力增长空间有限。上海公安工作要实现可持续发展，就必须走内涵式、集约化的发展道路，即更加注重警力使用的成本和效益，更加注重公安谋略的研究和运用，更加注重提高广大民警尤其是各级领导干部的战略战术水平，在科学用警、高效用警、出奇制胜、以智取胜上动脑筋、下功夫，切实提高民警的谋略水平和应变能力。本文借鉴“孙子兵法”的基本原理，就如何运用谋略加强新形势下的社会治安管理作了一些理论探索，供大家参考。     

刑法学发展报告

改革开放以后,我国刑法学发展迅速,在经历了复苏阶段、展开阶段、繁荣阶段后进入推进阶段,并取得斐然战绩。2004年的刑法学研究更是基础理论研究成果迭出,研究视野更加开阔,外向型刑法研究与犯罪学研究引人瞩目,学术活动异常活跃。当然,理论研究中的重复与浪费现象、刑事法学研究各学科发展不平衡和研究方法与研究视域的拓展亦需引起关注。未来刑法学的发展还将彻底转变刑法观念,建立法治国的刑法文化;适应时代发展需要,完善现有的刑法学体系,加大外向型刑法的研究力度,在加强判例研究、密切关注实践要求等方向上前进。     

风险与法律:食品安全责任的分配如何可能

在现代社会,科技发展引起的食品安全风险日益增多。如何防范风险,确保食品安全,维护消费者健康,构成世界各国政府与公众关注的焦点;随之,法律结构也有了改变。由于风险所带来的不可预知性和不确定性,导致了因果关系链在经验世界中断裂,借助"肇事者原则"来确定过失与肇事者,并据此分配责任以补偿受害者,在举证上也就变得日益艰难。然而,人类要存续,法律要实现预期功能,仍需假定风险是可把握的、可控制的外在客观对象,并添加"预防原则"以重新分配食品安全责任,达到分散风险目的。为此,除了要构建食品安全主体的责任伦理外,还需实现从单纯惩罚机制向责任保险模式的转变。     

The police,social services and psychiatry cooperation in Denmark—A new model of working practice between governmental sectors. A description of the concept,process, practice and experience

In 2004 a new model of working practice between three public sectors, the local Police Department, Social Services and Psychiatry/Mental Health Services (PSP) was introduced in the municipality of Frederiksberg, Denmark. The aim of this cooperation was to enhance support to vulnerable citizens, who do not belong solely to one of the three sectors and thereby often get lost in the system. The PSP cooperation was introduced to ensure that relevant information concerning vulnerable citizens was shared between the three sectors and to improve collaboration between the sectors involved in order to provide the needed support to the individual citizen. Due to the success of the PSP cooperation in Frederiksberg, the PSP model was implemented by law in Denmark in 2009.In order to evaluate the model, a qualitative study based on structured interviews, focus group discussions and observations, was performed in four selected municipalities in Denmark: Frederiksberg, Odense, Amager and Esbjerg. The evaluation was undertaken by the Danish National Centre for Social Research.It is concluded that the PSP cooperation draws attention to marginalized groups of citizens and helps to prevent social downfall and crime. Participants of the PSP cooperations further highlight positive changes in the cooperation between the involved sectors, which is thought to further improve the support to vulnerable citizens and thereby enhance both prevention and follow up of cases. Furthermore, the recommendations drawn from the evaluation are to adapt PSP cooperations to local conditions, avoid unnecessary red-tape, keep a constant focus on citizens' ethics, as well as involve the frontline workers in the individual sectors, i.e. those who are actually in contact with marginalized citizens.     

船舶承租人海事赔偿责任限制权利初探--兼评"The CMA Djakarta"轮案

1976年<海事赔偿责任限制公约>将船舶承租人归入船舶所有人,赋予责任限制权利.但是公约未明确规定承租人的范围和可限制责任的索赔.海事司法实践中,需要运用适当的法律解释方法,析明公约规定的含义、正确裁判,以实现公约目的.通过解释,公约规定的承租人应当是光船承租人、期租承租人和航次承租人等的统称.船舶所有人遭受的直接财产损失不是可限制责任的索赔,船舶承租人无权对此限制责任.船舶所有人提出的船载货物损害追偿索赔,承租人仍有权限制责任.我国<海商法>的相关规定应当作相同解释与理解.