政府购买公共服务合同的性质探析

现行公共服务购买规则体系将政府购买公共服务合同定性为民事合同,但是在民事合同框架下,公共服务受众的权益无法得到有效保障。从法律关系角度看,政府购买公共服务是购买主体履行公共服务职能的过程,购买主体与私人提供主体之间存在公法关系,其实质是公共事务的委托,公共服务购买合同定性为行政合同具备理论可行性。将公共服务购买合同定性为行政合同,符合行政合同的多元发展趋势,并且可以兼用公法规则和私法规则调整合同行为,具有一定的理论合理性。     

公法上无因管理的理论构造——基于释义学分析

关注公法上无因管理,不仅可以解决公共治理中出现的新问题,而且还可以提升公法学的理论品质,进而为我国行政法总则的科学立法提供知识。所谓公法上无因管理,是指未受公法委任、并无公法义务,而为他人管理公法事务。公法上无因管理的构成要件可以概括为三项内容,即管理他人的公法事务、无公法管理义务与为他人管理公法事务。正当化功能与衡平功能是公法上无因管理的主要功能。公法上无因管理与职权法定和法律保留并不矛盾。从一个主体为另一个主体消灭或者履行公法义务的可能性来看,主要有三种表现形态,即私人为公共主体、公共主体为私人与公共主体间公法事务的管理。未来我国行政法总则立法,可以考虑将其设置在公法责任内容之内。     

政府诚人刍议

私法中的诚实信用原则已为人们广为熟知,公法中的政府诚信原则在二战后的发达国家也纷纷确立(行政信赖保护原则)。本文主要对政府诚信的主体、客体及载体等方面进行分析,提出构建我国政府诚信的基本法律框架,以塑建现代责任政府形象,保障相对人的正当权益,以完善我国行政法律体系。     

论航空产品责任主体

航空产品责任主体是航空产品责任诉讼首要解决的问题,该主体的确定直接关系到受害人权益是否充分保护和纠纷是否得以顺利解决。该主体具有天然的国际性,同时其因交织航空运输责任与产品责任具有复杂性和特殊性。航空产品责任主体不仅包括一般商事关系的私法性主体,而且还包括负有检测、适航监管责任的公法性主体。欧美等发达国家和地区立法及司法实践对航空产品责任主体呈现出扩大化解释的趋势,其目的是顺应国际社会保护消费者权益人本化发展的价值取向,我国相关立法完善应关注这一发展趋势。     

论个人信息安全事件通知义务

个人信息安全事件通知是个人信息处理者履行信息安全保护义务的重要环节，能够促使信息主体和监管机构在发生个人信息安全事件后及时采取行动，防范次生损害。《网络安全法》《数据安全法》《个人信息保护法》均规定了个人信息安全事件通知义务，但内容不一、详略有别。从“个人信息”的范畴来看，只有发生安全事件的“个人信息”可能影响信息主体实际权益时，才有必要通知信息主体；从通知内容来看，应当对通知监管机构和信息主体的内容作出区别规定；从通知的理论基础来看，由侵权责任和合同附随义务产生的私法责任是信息处理者向信息主体履行通知义务的理论基础，向监管机构履行通知义务则是公法要求；从通知的条件来看，对个人信息采用加密等技术手段后可不向信息主体履行通知义务，只有发生安全事件的个人信息达到一定规模体量才有必要通知监管机构；从通知的法律责任来看，更宜适用作为特别法的《个人信息保护法》的法律责任规定，同时限缩私法层面的赔偿责任，强调公法层面的处罚责任。     

政府特许经营协议的行政性

政府特许经营协议究竟属公法契约还是私法契约,理论界观点不一,其争议根本上源于公法契约与私法契约本身的界限不清。本文在对政府特许经营协议的主要形式进行介绍和分析的基础上,从政府特许经营协议主体的特定性、政府特许经营协议目的的公益性、政府特许经营协议适用规则的公法属性入手,分析了政府特许经营协议的行政性,认为政府特许经营协议是一种行政性(或公法上的)契约,是借助契约手段实现行政目标的行政合同。     

论现代公法的利益基础

随着近代公法理论的变迁,主权理论的破产,要求各国家对公法的职能和价值追求有新的判断,公共服务和私人利益的保护成为公法需要调整和关注的新视点。政府越来越倾向于成为服务型主体,而非掌控全部事务的独裁体,公法从原来维护统治者利益的命令机制转变为对各种资源进行组织和调配的载体。在全社会平衡好公共利益的供需均衡,建立服务型政府,处理好政企关系,建立以维护私人利益为理念的法制体系,尊重和保障私人主体的法律利益,是现代公法的利益基础。     

试论我国政策性银行的性质

政策性银行是我国新出现的一种新型法人,具有独立的法人地位,是公法人。我国政策性银行的政策性融资活动有其独特的特点,由于其资金来源的政府主导性和资金运用中的银行中介性,使其具有政府与金融相互渗透、相互利用的特点,这体现了其经济利益的社会公共性,也体现了公法性因素和私法性因素的融合,体现了特定的角色责任,因而政策性银行从本质上来看,是典型的经济法上的特有主体。     

论“民营化”与“公共化”的公法统合及条件

公共服务合同外包是民营化发展到第二阶段最为主要的表现形式,此种类型的民营化包含着经济学与公法上的双重价值,单纯依靠市场竞争已不足以实现其复合的责任目标。当合同存在较大"剩余权力",或者合同的消费者为弱势群体之时,有必要将公法规则扩展适用于与政府签订合同的私人主体,以维护合同外包中的公法利益。此种适用将导致"民营化"与"公共化"的统合,这亦是民营化发展的趋向之一。     

抽象人格论与我国民事主体制度

我国现行的民事主体制度存在着大量公法性质的主体 ,例如公民、国有企业和机关法人、集体私营企业组织等。这是我国民法落后的一个基础性因素。改革现行民事主体制度应当借鉴西方抽象人格论 ,并以此为理论基础 ,构建以自然人、法人、其他组织等私法主体为内容的现代民事主体制度 ,这是制订我国民法典的重要一环。     

论环境公益与环境公诉

自 2 0 0 4年第 1期《科技与法律》编辑部与中国人民大学环境资源法研究所合作开办“环境法论坛”专栏以来 ,得到了广大的热爱环境资源保护事业的作者和读者的支持 ,使本专栏得以继存。再次重申 ,“环境法论坛”专栏的办刊宗旨是“专业、务实、新颖、活泼”。基于编辑对环境法学术期刊并非一定死气沉沉、拘泥形式的办刊理念的理解 ,目前我们已开设“理论推陈出新”、“立法释法之我见”、“由案说法”、“异域风景线”、“你争我鸣”和“环境法沙拉”等隐性栏目 ,期盼学界同仁恩赐如下大作 :能自圆其说的理论创新者 ;独到的建设性的立法建议和学理性释法者 ;结合新近案例的法治实践 ,并有所理论提升者 ;介绍国内外的各种新近、先进环境法制 ,开阔国人视野 ,并能启迪心智 ,而绝非仅为走马观花者 ;无论旧论新说 ,展开针锋相对的学术争鸣与回应答辩者 ;符合本栏目宗旨 ,不限篇幅与形式的书评、法制信息、学术活动综述、国外学术机构及其成果介绍等。欢迎作者赐稿、赐题。来稿请遵循本刊自 2 0 0 4年以来的以往各期的版式 ,以WORD文档附件的形式发至 :enblaw @yahoo .com .cn专用电子信箱 ,电子邮件“主题”请务必注明“环境法论坛投稿”字样。《科技与法律》编辑部“环境法论坛”专栏编辑     

Public Space,Public Morality: The Media Construction of Sex in Public Places

Public sex has been the focus of a number of academic texts in recent years, but while some comment more generally on how the media have presented specific forms of public sexual activity, it remains unclear how the media have constructed these undertakings. The phenomenon consists of a number of subcultures aimed at providing sexual enjoyment in public settings in different ways. There has been evidence that those engaging in public sex undertake significant risk that, while motivating for those taking part, can lead to a number of tragic consequences. Some of these consequences include physical attacks by members of the public as well as susceptibility to robbery and even abduction. This article will explore one of the possible reasons behind an unfavourable view of public sex in the public conscience- the mass media, and in particular, newspapers in the United Kingdom. The way in which the media have constructed various forms of public sex will be explored, as well as the information provided in reports, and in particular, the detailing of locations of Public Sex Environments (PSEs).     

Optimal Growth with Public Capital and Public Services

We characterize optimal economic growth in an endogenous growth model in which production requires public capital (a stock) and public services (a flow) in addition to private capital and labor. We analyze the comparative static effects of changes in the fundamental technological and preference parameters of the model on the optimal values of several variables, such as the optimal rate of growth and the optimal allocation of resources among consumption, the provision of public services, and investment in public and private capital. We show that the general optimal path converges in finite time to the balanced growth optimal path. We relate our paper to important contributions to the existing literature by obtaining them as special cases of our model.     

Public criminologies

Research Summary Public scholarship aspires to bring social science home to the individuals, communities, and institutions that are its focus of study. In particular, it seeks to narrow the yawning gap between public perceptions and the best available scientific evidence on issues of public concern. Yet nowhere is the gap between perceptions and evidence greater than in the study of crime. Here, we outline the prospects for a public criminology, conducting and disseminating research on crime, law, and deviance in dialogue with affected communities. We present historical data on the media discussion of criminology and sociology, and we outline the distinctive features of criminology—interdisciplinary, a subject matter that incites moral panics, and a practitioner base actively engaged in knowledge production—that push the boundaries of public scholarship. Policy Implications Discussions of public sociology have drawn a bright line separating policy work from professional, critical, and public scholarship. As the research and policy essays published in Criminology & Public Policy make clear, however, the best criminology often is conducted at the intersection of these domains. A vibrant public criminology will help to bring new voices to policy discussions while addressing common myths and misconceptions about crime.     

公共服务创新与事业单位改革

事业单位改革是关系到我国公共服务创新能否实现的重要载体。随着社会的发展变化,行政生态的转型,必然导致公共治理与公共服务模式的治道变革。如何学习和借鉴国外公共服务改革的经验,改革政府,改革事业机构,为全社会提供统一的公共产品和公共服务,建设同改革发展新阶段相适应的公共服务体系已成为一个越来越迫切的任务。     

Public Diplomacy,Smith-Mundt and the American Public

The U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, also known as the Smith-Mundt Act, is a mostly unknown and widely misunderstood piece of legislation. Revised multiple times, the law bans domestic dissemination of Voice of America and other U.S. international broadcast content in the United States. Presenting government-supported international broadcasting as an example of public diplomacy, this article discusses the long-term misrepresentation of Smith-Mundt's original intent and highlights the consequences of the continuing ban. The article considers prospects for ending the ban and emphasizes potential opportunities presented by its elimination, concluding that ending the ban might eliminate incongruity between American foreign policy goals of democracy promotion and the reality of banned domestic content. Repeal of the ban may also result in unexpected remedies for challenges facing the American media industry and the American public's desire for international news.

The United States government may be the largest broadcaster that few Americans know about. Although its networks reach 100 countries in 59 languages, they are banned from distribution in the United States by a 1948 law devised to prevent the government from turning its propaganda machine on its own citizens. ^{1 1}Mark Landler, A New Voice of America for the Age of Twitter, N.Y. Times, June 7, 2011 at 9. The broadcasters comprising the U.S. international broadcasting operation are the Voice of America (VOA), Alhurra, Radio Sawa, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, and Radio and TV Marti. The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) is “a bipartisan agency … that acts as a ‘firewall’ between the U.S. government and international broadcasting entities it funds.” Kim Andrew Elliott, America Calling: A 21st-Century Model, Foreign Service J., Oct. 2010, at 31. When Smith-Mundt was passed in 1948, USIB authority fell under the Department of State. Later, Congress created the United States Information Agency (USIA) to facilitate American public diplomacy operations. After the end of the cold war, Congress dismantled USIA and returned responsibility for American public diplomacy efforts to the Department of State. For an excellent history of the rise and fall of the USIA, see Nicholas J. Cull, The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy 1945–1989 (2008).      

论公物公众使用收费的标准

公物公众使用收费过高或不当的免费都存在公平、效率等问题。现有学说对收费判断的标准过于空泛、单一,无法反映复杂的现实,也难以给予实践有效指导,需要更精细化的研究。影响收费与否及定价的主要因素包括需求的基本性、资金来源、价格调控的合比例性、自然公物还是人工公物、使用习惯、受益对象和受益范围与时机、自愿的意思表示等。这些因素需要进行综合权衡,在一定条件下发挥作用,从而类型化出免费、成本性收费、效率性收费、营利性收费和混合性收费五种收费与定价的具体方式。     

Public guardianship

Conclusion Public guardianship provides a useful means of providing care for a very vulnerable group of people—the incapacitated. This vulnerability requires that special care be taken to assure that the guardian does not subordinate the ward's interests to any other considerations. Such subordination of the ward's interests may be inadvertent or well intentioned. It may even, on occasion, be consistent with broader social or governmental policies. Nevertheless, it is a violation of the guardian's duty of loyalty.This article has discussed several methods for reducing the likelihood that the ward's rights will be infringed. Ultimately, however, the avoidance of improprieties and the maintenance of incapacitated persons in dignity depends not on procedural or managerial devices, but on the loyalty of the guardian to the interests of his or her ward.