反思·借鉴·重构——关于完善我国家庭暴力概念的思考

根据最高人民法院的司法解释,家庭暴力是指行为人以殴打、捆绑、残害、强行限制人身自由或者其他手段,给其家庭成员的身体、精神等方面造成一定伤害后果的行为。这在一定程度上解决了新婚姻法颁布后所遇到的司法实践难题,具有十分重要的积极意义。然而,基于家庭暴力的普遍性和复杂性,该解释仍显不足,司法实践中困惑犹存。因此,有必要重新界定家庭暴力概念,完善相关理论,以利于司法实践中正确认定家庭暴力和有效处理相关纠纷。     

论法院处理环境纠纷案件中的司法能动

司法能动是法院在案件审理中,不因循先例和遵从成文法的字面含义进行司法解释的一种司法理念以及基于此理念的行动。我国法院在发挥司法能动性,处理环境纠纷案件方面作出了大量努力,为经济社会发展提供了司法保障。但法院在发挥司法能动性处理环境纠纷案件中仍然存在较大的问题。解决这些问题,必须把握法院在环境纠纷案件处理中司法能动的向度,落实司法独立,引导法官正确行使自由裁量权,努力培养环境司法专业人才,发挥法官适用法律的能动性。     

The Achievements and Prospects of Court Reforms in China

Judicial reform has become an important issue of Chinese people. At the end of 2004, “The Preliminary Comment on the Judicial System and Working Mechanism form the Central Leading ‘Group of Judicial System Reform’” is conferred by the central group of judicial reform. This paper analyses the achievements China has made in the last five years, especially in the area of court reform, judge reform, evidence reform, judge reform. Beyond this, this paper also expounds the prospect of China’s judicial reform in improving the judicial independence, the judge quality, the court organization reforms and the reforms in evidence system. This paper is based on Wang Liming, “Some suggestions to the judicial reform”, Juris Review (Vol. 4, 2005) (in chinese)     

Women judges who judge women offenders: a Chinese case study on gender and judging

ABSTRACT

Based on an empirical study, this article examines Chinese female judges’ life experiences and worldviews by asking: are women judges feminist or pro-feminism? Given the very nature of feminism, if a large number of women judges are feminist or pro-feminism, they are likely to bring attention to women’s issues in the judiciary and the judicial process. If so, women’s equal participation in courts would make a vital difference in law and judicial production. The article first provides the context of the research on which this article is based. Next, it briefly outlines several key methodological issues. Then, it presents findings on female judges’ perceptions of women’s gender roles, their views about female offending and their awareness of feminism. Finally, it highlights the evidence presented and offers implications of the research.     

关于建立我国司法考试及训练制度的构想

大多数有良好法治秩序的国家都是通过国家司法考试培养和选拔所需职业法律家的。我国《法官法》、《检察官法》修正案虽然已将国家司法考试写入立法 ,但司法考试的具体内容还缺乏法律的明确规定。国家司法考试应包括法官、检察官、律师三种职业资格 ;报考者应有坚定的信念、大学教育背景和良好品行 ;考试程式及内容设计应能全面检测报考者的文化素养、法律专业知识和从业能力。     

The establishment of the Judicial Appointments Commission in Malaysia to improve the constitutional method of appointing the judges of the superior courts: a critical study

The Judicial Appointments Commission was established in Malaysia in 2009 to ensure unbiased selection of judicial candidates for the consideration of the Prime Minister, who has the final say regarding the appointment of judges to the superior courts. But the provisions concerning Prime Minister’s power to appoint the majority of the members of the Commission and his unfettered power of removing four of the five appointed members without assigning any reason, have calculatedly been devised for ensuring the selection of judicial candidates having right political patronage in accordance with the covert wishes of the Prime Minister. Furthermore, the Prime Minister’s power of rejecting the Commission’s recommendations of multiple candidates renders the undertaking of a lengthy process of selection unproductive and useless. Thus the Judicial Appointments Commission has become a superfluous body with an ineffective modus operandi to attain the stipulated objectives of improving and complementing the constitutional method of appointing judges to the superior courts. Since the Federal Constitution of Malaysia has not empowered the Parliament to enact a law providing for the establishment of a Judicial Appointments Commission, it also appears that the Judicial Appointments Commission Act 2009 is an invalid piece of legislation.     

我国司法制度改革的理想与现实

司法独立是一项具有"公理"性质的内容.在我国,法院制度的"泛行政化"已引起了广泛的关注,并提出了各种有意义的改革建议.然而我们不可以回避自身的传统和现实,我们从来都不具备西方经典司法独立模式的"土壤".因此在借鉴人类政治文明的成果的同时,寻找一条切合我国国情的、务实的渐进改革思路,是我国司法制度改革的既理想又可行的改革路径.现阶段的司法制度改革应首先将法院的审判职能与行政职能分开,淡化行政在审判中的色彩,并在现有审判人员制度改革的基础上逐渐过渡到相对理想的法官独立制度.     

论我国高校司法鉴定机构的完善与发展

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》的实施,为我国司法鉴定的发展掀开了崭新的一页。《决定》实施以来,司法鉴定机构增长迅速,其中高校司法鉴定机构增速更居各类司法鉴定机构之首。如今,高校司法鉴定机构已经成为了我国司法鉴定系统中不可或缺的重要组成部分。如何把握好高校司法鉴定机构的优势,推动高校司法鉴定机构的完善与发展,已经成为我国司法鉴定发展中的重要课题。     

Prison sentences: last resort or the default sanction?

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the sentencing purposes for penal penalties, judges’ perceptions of sentencing purposes and prison sentences, and the effects of penal sanctions. We examine judges’ positions towards different penalties, with a focus on imprisonment, since their views on the different penalties are related to their sentencing decision-making. Understanding these views is then critical for several practical and political purposes, including bridging the gap between academic discourse and legal practice. We accessed judges’ views on penal sanctions through a questionnaire and an interview. Our sample is compounded by the judges of the criminal courts from the three major cities in Portugal. Despite the most recent criminological empirical knowledge, judges valued imprisonment as the most adequate sentence, both for different crimes and for different judicial purposes. This result is not consistent with viewing imprisonment as a ‘last resort’ solution. Indeed, we did not find this ‘last resort’ position in our data, and it is not apparent in the judicial statistics on imprisonment rates. Our data highlight the importance of increasing judges’ training on criminological and sociological issues as well as the importance of changing the influence of their personal beliefs regarding penal sanctions into research-based positions.     

Without fear or favour,affection or ill will: addressing gender bias in NSW judicial education

This article traces how gender equality has evolved conceptually and provides an overview of the educational initiatives in place for raising gender awareness among members of the NSW judiciary. The author gives examples of gender bias and explores some of the seminal policy and legislative responses at state and federal levels during the reformist decades of the 1970s to the 1990s. North American jurisdictions played an important role in raising judicial awareness of gender bias in the 1980s, with this issue coming to prominence in Australia in the 1990s. The author describes the work of the Judicial Commission of NSW in this area, including training sessions on gender equality, both discrete and as part of integrated education initiatives; its involvement with the National Judicial Orientation Program; and the launch of its Equality before the Law Bench Book in 2006.     

清代基层法官的综合素质及启示——以司法判牍为材料

法官素质高低对于国家法治建设关系重大。清代基层司法判牍中反映了当时法官的政治素质、专业素质和职业道德素质水平。他们之所以形成这些素质，主要受到儒家思想、社会阅历、工作职权三方面的影响。这个研究对于我们今天在司法改革中，如何认识法官综合素质、区分不同类型法官素质差异，并且对我国未来法官素质提高进行预期，提供了重要启示。     

Specialized Domestic Violence Courts

Abstract

The multimethod study assesses the perceptions of specialized domestic violence courts' processes with victims' experiences as the central focus. Perceptions of the traditional courts and specialized domestic violence courts are compared among victims, courtroom police, attorneys, judges and victim advocates. Domestic violence education among attorneys, judges, and victim advocates is also compared. Despite the intended improvements with the specialized court model, victims report similar problems in both court models. Safety and victims support among respondents is mixed. Professionals from the specialized court receive no more domestic violence education than those from the general court. Victims' and courtroom police recommendations are presented.     

论司法独立

司法独立由司法的本质所决定, 是市民社会与国家对立的必然产物。司法欲独立, 必先独立于立法与行政, 次须独立于社会, 特别是传媒; 上下级法院以及法官之间亦须相互独立。欲保障司法独立, 必使法官任期终身, 享优厚之待遇, 以及司法豁免权等。     

‘Sustaining the Character of a Judge’: Conflict within the Legal Thought of British India

Judicial roles provided the raj with major dilemmas. One persistent dispute related to civil servants sitting as judges. Critics argued that civil servants had a superficial legal education and lacked appropriate practical experience of work in the courts. Defenders of their judicial role contended that the best training for judges lay in administrative work on the plains of the sub-continent. Governors-general, viceroys, and others in executive positions claimed that such work provided officials with an understanding of Indian society and that this social knowledge made them effective judges. Professional judges drawn from the ranks of barristers and sitting in the major cities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras frequently contested this view and the result was sustained disagreement. At the heart of the debate lay competing visions of justice.     

Judicial review,litigation effects and the ombudsman

Abstract

Judicial review is widely understood to be a remedy of last resort, but there remains little research on the extent to which the process can achieve meaningful redress. This article applies the results of a study into ombudsman judicial review to chart the outputs of the various stages of the process at which an outcome can be secured. The claim is made that ombudsman judicial review does secure a small level of success for claimants both in and out of court but that the rate of such success is lower for citizen claimants than the norm in all judicial review cases. The explanation provided for this pattern is that organisationally ombudsman schemes have learnt lessons from being repeat players in judicial review and are better equipped to integrate rule of law values than many other public bodies. Citizen claimants, by contrast, include a high proportion of inexperienced litigants-in-person for which the judicial review process is ill-designed to facilitate.     

The economic effects of judicial accountability: cross-country evidence

Judicial independence is not only a necessary condition for the impartiality of judges, it can also endanger it: judges that are independent could have incentives to remain uninformed, become lazy or even corrupt. It is therefore often argued that judicial independence and judicial accountability are competing ends. In this paper, it is hypothesized that they can be complementary means towards achieving impartiality and, in turn, the rule of law. It is further argued that judicial accountability can increase per capita income through various channels one of which is the reduction of corruption. First tests concerning the economic effects of JA are carried out and on the basis of 75 countries, these proxies are highly significant for explaining differences in per capita income drawing both on OLS as well as TSLS.

我国司法会计鉴定机构制度模式的评述

2005年全国人大会常委《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》颁布后,我国建立何种类型的司法会计鉴定机构得到了明确的答案。但如何建立却没有任何经验可资借鉴。针对这一问题,分析了＂集中型＂和＂分散型＂两种模式的优劣,并提出了建立＂混合型＂司法会计鉴定机构应注意的几个问题,为建立与我国现行司法体制相适应的司法会计鉴定机构,在理论上进行一些探讨。     

法官视角中的能动司法

能动司法是司法创造力的体现。在美国,这种司法能动的突出表现形式是司法审查权,通过多年的案例发展,美国已经形成了较为完备的司法审查体制。在英国,至今法院尚无对立法的审查权。但在英美法系国家,由于有判例法传统,法官的司法能动性相对较大,在案件审理中,区分相似案件事实和不断发展法律规则是法官司法技术的重要组成部分。英美法系的司法能动对我国司法实践具有积极的借鉴意义。在我国,司法能动在审判领域的主要表现形式是最高法院司法解释、个案法官法律论证,其主线是政策考量与法律考量,也可称之为社会效果考量与法律效果考量。     

The Judicial Service Commission and the appointment of Women: more to it than meets the eye

ABSTRACT

The Judicial Service Commission (JSC) in South Africa was established in response to a pre-democratic era appointment system rich in patronage, opaqueness, and invariably, inequality. The use of judicial appointment bodies has been recommended by the Commonwealth Latimer House Principles, as a method of preserving judicial independence. However, not much research has been conducted into whether there is an absence of patronage and power dynamics when judicial appointment bodies replace executive type of appointments. This paper suggests that the introduction of appointment bodies does not eradicate privilege and power dynamics as some might believe. Rather, it creates a different type of dynamic that can be harmful for women.