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Lenka Kollerová Takuya Yanagida Angela Mazzone Petr Soukup Dagmar Strohmeier 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2018,47(11):2424-2439
Norms have been suggested as important characteristics of the social-ecological context for defending victimized peers, but little is known about the contribution of student perceived injunctive norms (regarding the appropriateness of defending) imposed by peers and teachers. To investigate the role of these norms in defending, a sample of 751 early adolescents (51% female; Mage at Time 1:13 years) was assessed at two time points. Defending, as measured by peer- and self-ratings, decreased slightly over a six-month timespan. Three-level models (with time, students, and classrooms as the levels) indicated that both individual- and classroom-level perceived peer injunctive norms (but not teacher injunctive norms) had positive effects on defending over time regardless of the source of the information on defending (peers or self). These findings support programs that encourage defending through peer norms. 相似文献
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Gerd Strohmeier & Ruth Wittlinger 《West European politics》2013,36(2):237-257
In non-presidential systems the head of state is either a monarch or a president elected directly by the voters or by an assembly. The political powers of heads of state in non-presidential systems vary from being powerful to being just a symbolic figure of representation and integration. In response to the disastrous experience of the Weimar Republic, in the Federal Republic the choice fell on the latter with the result that the political powers of the President were significantly reduced. Hence, his role is usually described as largely ceremonial and representative and he is expected to be a figure of integration rather than divisiveness. However, the role of the President of the Federal Republic of Germany seems to have changed significantly under the Presidency of Horst Köhler who appears to have made considerable use of his powers and decisively exercised his role as one of the veto players of the German political system. This article examines to what extent the German Presidency has indeed undergone an increased politicisation under Horst Köhler since 2004. 相似文献
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Bardach Lisa Yanagida Takuya Gradinger Petra Strohmeier Dagmar 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2022,51(2):225-243
Journal of Youth and Adolescence - School-based aggression prevention programs may not be equally effective for all students and classes, depending on student and class characteristics. This study... 相似文献
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