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1.
The author describes the results of the UN Independent Inquiryon the Genocide in Rwanda, which he headed. The internationalcommunity's reluctance to commit itself and its resources tothe UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR or UN Mission),coupled with the inadequacy of UNAMIR's initial mandate, areidentified as the crucial reasons for the Mission's failings.These weaknesses led to the failure of the UN forces on theground to respond effectively to the genocide and inhibitedtheir ability to protect civilians and UN staffers. The authordetails the failures both of the UN Mission in Rwanda and ofthe leadership in New York, with unflinching exactitude, drawingimportant lessons to help ensure that another such breakdownof the UN system during a time of crisis does not happen again. 相似文献
2.
This article examines the question of trust in Bosnia and Herzegovina with a special focus on the role of ethnicity. We find generalised trust to be low and declining in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Moreover, generalised trust is negatively affected by the degree of ethnic heterogeneity in the region. However, a further examination of trust reveals a more complex relationship between ethnicity and trust: people tend to show low levels of trust in all other people irrespective of their ethnic belongings. We argue that ethnic distribution might capture some other regional specific characteristics that also affect the level of trust. 相似文献
3.
“For a Few Senators More”? Negotiating Constitutional Changes During Chile's Transition To Democracy
Fredrik Uggla 《拉美政治与社会》2005,47(2):51-75
Chile's 1980 Constitution embodied the political aspirations of the nation's military regime. Before democratization, the constitution underwent a process of reform that did away with some of its most blatantly authoritarian provisions but preserved a set of institutions that would characterize and constrain the regained Chilean democracy. This article presents an account of that process. It juxtaposes two theoretical perspectives: one that sees the results as determined primarily by the power relationship of the participants, and one that stresses contextual factors, such as institutional traditions. This study argues that while the Chilean case largely confirms the importance of the existing constitution for the outcome, the final outcome depended nonetheless on the participants' assessment of the relations of power, and therefore might have been open to different results. 相似文献
4.
Fredrik Carlsen 《Public Budgeting & Finance》1995,15(1):43-57
While the “classical” theory of fiscal federalism argues that local authorities should have substantial discretion to set the local budgetary mix, surveys show that central regulation of local spending decisions is pervasive. Norway provides an ideal setting for studying spending regulations. An attempt to decentralize fiscal choice to the local levels, the block grant reform, has been reversed in recent years. This article presents a case study of the interaction between a county and the national government from 1986, when the reform was implemented, to 1992. The study concludes that the government introduced new regulations to prevent local authorities from distorting spending decisions in order to elicit higher grants. 相似文献
5.
Kingbäck M Karlsson L Zackrisson AL Carlsson B Josefsson M Bengtsson F Ahlner J Kugelberg FC 《Forensic science international》2012,214(1-3):124-134
Venlafaxine (VEN) is an antidepressant drug mainly metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP2D6 to the active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV). VEN is also metabolized to N-desmetylvenlafaxine (NDV) via CYP3A4. ODV and NDV are further metabolized to N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine (DDV). VEN is a racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers and these have in vitro displayed different degrees of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. The aim of the study was to investigate if an enantioselective analysis of VEN and its metabolites, in combination with genotyping for CYP2D6, could assist in the interpretation of forensic toxicological results in cases with different causes of deaths. Concentrations of the enantiomers of VEN and metabolites were determined in femoral blood obtained from 56 autopsy cases with different causes of death. The drug analysis was done by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the CYP2D6 genotyping by PCR and pyrosequencing. The mean (median) enantiomeric S/R ratios of VEN, ODV, NDV and DDV were 0.99 (0.91), 2.17 (0.93), 0.92 (0.86) and 1.08 (1.03), respectively. However, a substantial variation in the relationship between the S- and R-enantiomers of VEN and metabolites was evident (S/R ratios ranging from 0.23 to 17.6). In six cases, a low S/R VEN ratio (mean 0.5) was associated with a high S/R ODV ratio (mean 11.9). Genotyping showed that these individuals carried two inactive CYP2D6 genes indicating a poor metabolizer phenotype. From these data we conclude that enantioselective analysis of VEN and ODV can predict if a person is a poor metabolizer genotype/phenotype for CYP2D6. Knowledge of the relationship between the S- and R-enantiomers of this antidepressant drug and its active metabolite is also important since the enantiomers display different pharmacodynamic profiles. 相似文献
6.
This article investigates why the governments of Australia and Poland decided to contribute military forces to the United States led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 when a majority of Australian and Polish citizens were opposed to national involvement in the invasion. The objective of the article is to increase understanding of the conditions under which governments ignore the public in their foreign policymaking. The article examines the explanatory power of four intervening variables: issue salience, elite debate, timing of the next election and the importance assigned to international gains by the government. On the basis of the Direct Method of Agreement, the article concludes that government perceptions of international gains and the timing of the next election were potentially necessary factors for the outcomes of the cases, while issue salience and elite debate were not necessary conditions. A distant election may, thus, provide sufficient electoral protection for a government that conducts a foreign policy to which the public is opposed. 相似文献
7.
This paper examines the attitude towards relative position or status among rural households in Vietnam. On average, respondents show rather weak preferences for relative position. Possible explanations are the emphasis on the importance of equality and that villagers are very concerned with how the local community perceives their actions. We also investigate what influences the concern for relative position and find, among other things, that if anyone from the household is a member of the Peoples Committee then the respondent is more concerned with the relative position. 相似文献
8.
Fredrik Doeser 《European Security》2013,22(3):413-431
This article asks why the Government of Poland participated in the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 when a large majority of the Polish public was opposed to national involvement in Iraq. The aim is to further an understanding of the circumstances under which democratic governments ignore public opinion in their foreign policy decision-making. The article argues that a combination of three circumstances increased the willingness of the government to ignore the public. First, the Iraq issue had relatively low salience among the Polish voters, which decreased the domestic political risks of pursuing the policy. Second, the government's Iraq policy was supported by a considerable consensus among the political elite. Third, the political elites were unified in their perceptions that participating in the invasion would yield essential international gains for Poland. 相似文献
9.
Fredrik Sjöholm 《当代亚洲杂志》2013,43(3):381-393
Indonesia has been severely hurt by the recent economic crisis, which has been accompanied by social tensions. For a sustainable long-term recovery, it is essential that Indonesia attracts FDI inflows, and manages to achieve a reasonably equal spatial development. FDI is important since other capital funds are scarce and an equal spatial development is important to avoid social tensions. However, there is a possible contradiction between FDI and even regional development since FDI tends to locate in clusters. This article discusses FDI and an even spatial development in Indonesia, and offers some policy suggestions for a sustainable long-term recovery. 相似文献
10.
We formulate a simple model of the interaction between a sponsor and a bureau. The sponsor sets the bureau's budget while the bureau decides on how much to spend on slack. We compute numerically Markov perfect equilibria of multi-period games where the agents move alternately and apply Markov strategies. Both agents are worse off compared to the one-period game with simultaneous moves. As the discount factors increase, the equilibrium outcome becomes less cooperative in nature. 相似文献