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Mir Mohamad Tabar Seyed Ahmad South Nigel Brisman Avi Majdi Ali Akbar 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2022,78(1):79-103
Crime, Law and Social Change - Environmental pollution is regarded as a major environmental crime in most countries; Iran is no exception. This study examines water and soil polluting behavior... 相似文献
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This report assesses conditions that contribute to or are potentially hospitable to transnational criminal activity and terrorist
activity in selected regions of the world during the period 1999–2002. Although the focus of the report is on transnational
activity, domestic criminal activity is recognized as a key foundation for transnational crime, especially as the forces of
globalization intensify.
The report has been arranged geographically into the following major headings: Africa, the former Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and the Western Hemisphere. Within the geographical headings, the report
addresses individual countries with particularly salient conditions. Cases such as the Triborder Area (TBA) of South America
and East and West Africa, where conditions largely overlap national borders, have been treated as regions rather than by imposing
an artificial delineation by country. The bibliography has been divided into the same geographical headings as the text.
The major sources for this report are recent periodical reports from Western and regional sources, Internet sites offering
credible recent information, selected recent monographs, and personal communications with regional experts. Treatment of individual
countries varies according to the extent and seriousness of conditions under study. Thus some countries in a region are not
discussed, and others are discussed only from the perspective of one or two pertinent activities or conditions. Because they
border the United States, Canada and Mexico have received especially extensive treatment. 相似文献
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AbstractAnalysts and policymakers agree that the Pakistani military has engaged in selective repression of and collusion with armed groups. Yet beyond this general observation, fine-grained theory and evidence do not exist to systematically explain patterns of military strategy across groups and over time. This paper provides a theoretical framework for explaining regime perceptions of armed groups and the strategies state security managers pursue toward different types of groups. It then probes this framework using a combination of new medium-N data on military offensives, peace deals, and state–group alliances in Pakistan’s North West and four comparative case studies from North and South Waziristan. We argue that the Pakistani military—the key state institution in this context—has assigned armed groups to different political roles reflecting both their ideological affinity with the military and the operational benefits they can provide to the army. This mixture of instrumental and ideological motivations has created a complex blend of regime threat perceptions and state–group interactions across space and time. A clearer understanding of how the military views Pakistan’s armed political landscape can inform policy debates about the nature of Pakistani counterinsurgency, as well as broader theoretical debates about order and violence. 相似文献
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