排序方式: 共有10条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1
1.
Alan S. Gerber Donald P. Green Ron Shachar 《American journal of political science》2003,47(3):540-550
Habit is a frequently mentioned but understudied cause of political action. This article provides the first direct test of the hypothesis that casting a ballot in one election increases one's propensity to go to the polls in the future. A field experiment involving 25,200 registered voters was conducted prior to the November general election of 1998. Subjects were randomly assigned to treatment conditions in which they were urged to vote through direct mail or face-to-face canvassing. Compared to a control group that received no contact, the treatment groups were significantly more likely to vote in 1998. The treatment groups were also significantly more likely to vote in local elections held in November of 1999. After deriving a statistical estimator to isolate the effect of habit, we find that, ceteris paribus, voting in one election substantially increases the likelihood of voting in the future. Indeed, the influence of past voting exceeds the effects of age and education reported in previous studies. 相似文献
2.
Shachar Eldar 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2010,4(2):183-196
The intuition holding that an organized crime leader should be punished more severely than a subordinate who directly commits
an offence is commonly reflected in legal literature. However, positing a direct relationship between the severity of punishment
and the level of seniority within an organizational hierarchy represents a departure from a more general idea found in much
of the substantive criminal law writings: that the severity of punishment increases the closer the proximity to the physical
commission of the offence. This paper presents an analysis of the said intuition and attempts to ascertain its roots. Rejecting
both retribution and deterrence theory as valid explanations, it will be inferred that the imposition of harsher punishment
on organized crime leaders is properly based on the multiplicity of offences for which they are responsible, and not the nature
of their involvement in any specific offence. 相似文献
3.
Shachar Eldar 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2014,8(3):605-617
National and international criminal law systems are continually seeking doctrinal and theoretical frameworks to help them impose individual liability on collective perpetrators of crime. The two systems move in parallel and draw on each other. Historically, it has been mostly international criminal law that leaned on domestic legal systems for its collective modes of liability. Currently, however, it is the emerging jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court that is at the forefront of innovation, with the doctrine of indirect co-perpetration taking the lead in international prosecutions. The article assesses the potential contribution as well as the limits of this compound doctrine to domestic criminal law jurisprudence, particularly with regard to small-group criminality. Four modes of indirect co-perpetration are discussed, namely shared control, concerted control, controlling board, and flawed triangle perpetration. A doctrine of indirect co-perpetration would enable liability in these modes of perpetration, perhaps with the exception of the latter, which marks the limits of its applicability. 相似文献
4.
Shachar Eldar 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2012,6(2):207-225
Criminal law doctrine fails to provide an adequate solution for imputing responsibility to organized crime leaders for the
offenses committed by their subordinates. This undesirable state of affairs is made possible because criminal organizations
adopt complex organizational structures that leave their superiors beyond the reach of the law. These structures are characterized
by features such as the isolation of the leadership from junior ranks, decentralized management, and mechanisms encouraging
initiative from below. They are found in criminal organizations such as the American Mafia, the Japanese Yakuza, and even
outlaw motorcycle gangs. The paper offers a doctrine that may transcend this shortcoming. Referred to as “leaders’ liability,”
this doctrine will be assessed and appraised through a comparison with competing theories such as accomplice liability, Organisationsherrschaft, and conspiracy. 相似文献
5.
Shachar Eldar 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2018,12(4):695-705
In the recently published collection, Criminal Law and the Authority of the State, two contributions allude to an analogy with parental authority as a means to a better understanding of the institution of criminal punishment, but reach different conclusions. Malcolm Thorburn uses the parental authority analogy to justify the institution of state punishment as an assertion of robust authority over offenders. Antje du Bois-Pedain uses the same analogy to advocate the idea of punishment as an inclusionary practice, designed to reintegrate offenders into society. I argue that Thorburn’s theory of robust authority is inconsistent if not self-contradictory when it tries to assume a liberal posture, and that du Bois-Pedain’s reintegrative model provides a better account of the justification and objectives of state punishment. 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
9.
Purpose
To compare theoretical explanations of the age-versatility curve including the hypotheses of: self-control theory stating that versatility is followed by specialization; taxonomic theory stating that adolescent-limited offenders are specialists and life-course offenders are versatile and orthogenetic theory stating that specialization and versatility are present in a large number of offender groups.Methods
These explanations were tested with Israeli national population-based data on all first and subsequent juvenile offenders (n = 17,176) with 248,114 registered police contacts from 1996 to 2008.Results
Semi-parametric group-based modeling identified two trajectory-groups that characterized the age-versatility curve of police contacts before first conviction. The trajectory-groups were labeled as versatility (n = 2,447; 14.2%), and specialization (n = 14,729; 85.8%). After controlling for 19 documented demographic, familial, and criminogenic risk factors, Cox regression showed that juvenile offenders in the versatility group were at increased risk of recidivism compared to offenders in the specialization group.Conclusions
These results partially adhere with taxonomic theory than the remaining theories and indicate that assuming a trajectory of elevated pre-conviction versatility increases the risk of recidivism. 相似文献10.
1