加拿大社会法的发展

目次一、导论二、加拿大社会法的起源(1880—1940)三、加拿大社会法的发展和演进(1940—1984)四、结语一、导论社会立法是20世纪法律发展的一个特征。社会法是一个难于把握得、具有启发性和动态性的法;它处在我们的工业化社会所需要面对的诸多冲突的中心。其中,在过去的50年里,社会法一直都是政治冲突和重大经济选择的主题。它的发展与国家的深层次变革和     

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND THEIR SEXUAL,REPRODUCTIVE, AND PARENTING RIGHTS: AN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Despite important gains in human rights, persons with disabilities — and in particular women and girls with disabilities — continue to experience significant inequalities in the areas of sexual, reproductive, and parenting rights. Persons with disabilities are sterilized at alarming rates; have decreased access to reproductive health care services and information; and experience denial of parenthood. Precipitating these inequities are substantial and instantiated stereotypes of persons with disabilities as either asexual or unable to engage in sexual or reproductive activities, and as incapable of performing parental duties. The article begins with an overview of sexual, reproductive, and parenting rights regarding persons with disabilities. Because most formal adjudications of these related rights have centered on the issue of sterilization, the article analyzes commonly presented rationales used to justify these procedures over time and across jurisdictions. Next, the article examines the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the attendant obligations of States Parties regarding rights to personal integrity, access to reproductive health care services and information, parenting, and the exercise of legal capacity. Finally, the article highlights fundamental and complex issues requiring future research and consideration.     

《武器贸易条约》谈判进程——中国政策演变与谈判未来发展

尽管国际社会管理常规武器非法转让的努力从未停止,但相关的成就却乏善可陈。作者回顾了联合国武器贸易条约历时六年的制定进程,并深入考察了中国在此期间的立场演变,即从最初的迟疑逐渐向积极支持和参与谈判的转变。中国的立场转变非常明确地体现在2012年7月联合国《武器贸易条约》外交大会的具体谈判中,特别表现为其灵活性和建设性。尽管《武器贸易条约》的缔结最终因美国反对而失败,但中国及其他国家的后续努力仍推动了2013年3月18—28日的条约终期谈判得以举行。尽管仍面临严峻挑战,但中国的建设性态度必然会贡献于更大的集体努力,以全力解决谈判遗留的关键性问题,力争早日达成一项强大而有力的《武器贸易条约》。     

The Recovery Begins

正Japan faces challenges as it begins to rebuild Japan faces atremendous challenge as it seeks to recover from the effects of the March 11 earthquake and tsunami.The most immediate challenge,of course,is     

RULEMAKING POSSIBILITIES: EFFORTS OF THE UNITED STATES JUDICIAL CONFERENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE RULES TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES TO FORENSIC EXPERT TESTIMONY

This piece is an echo to one of the main subjects of the Sixth International Conference on Evidence Law and Forensic Science which is to determine what evidentiary reforms are necessary for regulating forensic expert testimony, and how those reforms might be implemented. In United States, the predominant way of evidentiary reform is through rulemaking. As the Reporter of Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules of Evidence since 1996, the author, with a pragmatic spirit throughout the article, examines such an effort at the federal level of U.S. in six parts (levels), starting from the most general, abstract level till finishing with the most detailed and substantive points. Part I begins with a brief introduction of the hierarchies of evidentiary rulemaking authorities at the federal level of the United States, various interested groups and their interesting interactions in the rulemaking process. The author then shifts to the general topic of writing rules with a specific focus on the level of detail that is to be provided in doing so; Part II further narrows down the scrutiny into writing a rule on forensic expert testimony with an emphasis on the necessity of making such a rule change to the current general standards of FRE; Part III directly addresses the challenges of drafting a rule on forensic evidence in FRE, including a comparation of various alternative drafting models; Part IV and Part V respectively discusses the Reporter’s comments and the Justice Department’s concerns over the drafted rules; and Part VI briefly discusses the feasibility and effectiveness of a Best Practices Manual on forensic evidence in lieu of rulemaking.     

From the Mauritius China Friendship and Cultural Association

Excellency, On the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the establishment of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC), it gives me tremendous pleasure to express, in my own name and on behalf of our Association, my warmest congratulations for the long devoted contribution you have been making for the promotion of friendship between the peo-     

免疫鼠血清中曼氏血吸虫抗原特异性的独特型抗体的检测

本实验证实了三株曼氏血吸虫抗原特异性的单抗各识别一个特异的抗原表位。采用ELISA竞争法显示了辐照致弱尾蚴免疫鼠和正常尾蚴免疫鼠血清中保护性单抗D_6的含量与尾蚴抗原特异性的总IgG水平相关,而非保护性单抗N_(122)则无关。两种免疫鼠血清中血吸虫尾蚴抗原特异性的总IgG水平变化不一致,但从免疫后第1至第6周,两种免疫鼠血清中保护性单抗D_6的含量却很接近。本实验的结果从克隆水平说明体液免疫应答在血吸虫病的免疫抗性中起着一定的作用,同时也为解释辐照尾蚴免疫鼠模型的免疫机理提供一些有关体液免疫方面的实验依据。     

国家在经济转型中的作用(上) --俄中经济转型经验比较

2004年10月24日,美国著名马克思主义经济学家和苏联问题专家大卫·M.科茨(著名著作《来自上层的革命》的作者)应邀到《国外理论动态》杂志社讲演,并将题为《国家在经济转型中的作用--俄中经济转型经验比较》的英文待刊文章交付我刊翻译发表。该文比较了俄罗斯新自由主义转型战略和中国国家指导型转型战略,从中得出这样的结论:新自由主义是一种完全失败的转型战略,而中国的转型经验则有很多值得借鉴的地方,这包括长期推迟国有大企业的私有化、国家持续控制银行系统、国家控制跨国贸易和资本流动、政府加大对基础设施和国有企业等的投资等。但作者也指出,在向市场转型过程中,中国社会内部也可能诞生一个富裕的精英阶层,该阶层将力图把中国的改革转向新自由主义,以便在放任的经济环境中大发其财。如果中国顶不住这个压力,中国将面临比俄罗斯更坏的结局:中国的经济和社会将崩溃,中国在世界格局中将被长期锁定为一个提供原料和廉价劳动力的国家。现将该文全译如下。     

嗜酒者与正常人体内乙醇类物质的排泄

<正> 德意志联邦共和国的法医学者经常要鉴定与酒精相关的犯罪;交通事故等案件。因此,酒精及酒精中毒就成为法医学研究的最重要课题之一。我们设想慢性酒精中毒不仅由乙醇,亦可由同类的醇物质而引起,它们可见于各种酒精饮料。我们的报告“关于杂醇酒精的药理动力学”,它的资料主要是从健康人的自愿饮酒实验而获得的。部分资料表明长期慢性滥用洒精饮料,其排泄动力学可有所改变。因此,将嗜洒者的甲醇、乙醇及丙醇的排泄动力学,与做