Studying the reach of deterrence: Can deterrence theory help explain police misconduct?

This article reports the first perceptual deterrence study of a sample of police officers. The study investigated the influence of traditional deterrence considerations, extralegal sanctions, and impulsivity on the intention to commit several hypothesized acts of police misconduct. The results were largely consistent with perceptual deterrence findings from samples of college students, experienced offenders, and corporate managers. In particular, this study found that both legal and extralegal sanction threats potentially deter police misconduct. Further, it found that impulsivity diminished the deterrent influence of both sanction forms. The study also found that some of the effects of the explanatory variables depended on whether officers had prior punishment experience. The article discusses the implications of its findings for combating police misconduct and for deterrence research generally.     

Theoretical issues and social indicators: A societal process approach

Well-being involves various levels: the individual, the institutional-distributive, and the societal. These levels are interrelated. Social indicators of well-being must be theoretically based so as to take into account these levels. A societal process model is proposed to describe the levels of society and the nature of well-being at each level. Social indicator types regarding the output and distribution of well-being, the effect of policy manipulatable and nonmanipulatable inputs, and the secondary consequences of inputs are suggested and examples are provided.The ideas presented herein have evolved from the authors' participation in a research project conducted for the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID/csd—3642), but do not necessarily reflect the views of that agency. Thanks are extended to J. Steven Picou, James Copp, Jon Alston, Bill Howard, and Ben Crouch, as well as to the then editor of this journal, Garry Brewer, and several anonymous reviewers who were kind enough to provide both cogent critique and encouragement. Journal Paper No. J-8808 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1837.     

Reviews

Archie Brown ed., Political Culture and Communist Studies. London: Macmillan, 1984, xii + 211 pp. £25.00 h/b, £8.95 p/b.

J. Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges. The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938. Cambridge, New York, London, Cambridge University Press, 1985, viii + 269 pp. £25.00.

Ronald Tiersky, Ordinary Stalinism: Democratic Centralism and the Question of Communist Political Development, Boston, Mass: George Allen and Unwin, 1985, xiii + 209 pp. £15.00.

Michael Ellman, Collectivisation, Convergence and Capitalism. Political Economy in a Divided World. Academic Press, London, 1984, xii + 332 pp. £35.00, $55.00.

Sarah Meiklejohn Terry ed., Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe, a Council of Foreign Relations Book, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984, xiv + 375 pp. £27.50.

Kristian Gerner, The Soviet Union and Central Europe in the Post‐War Era. Aldershot: Gower, 1985, xi + 228 pp. £16.50.

Boris Z. Rumer, Investment and Reindustrialization in the Soviet Economy, Boulder and London, Westview Press, 1984, xvi + 145 pp. £14.50.

David A. Dyker, The Future of the Soviet Planning System, London and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1985, ix + 172 pp. £17.95 h/b.

Andrew Freris: The Soviet Industrial Enterprise; Theory and Practice; London and Sidney: Croom Helm, 1984, 170 pp. £14.95.

Susan J. Linz, ed., The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union. Totowa, N. J.: Rowman & Allanheld, 1985, ix + 300 pp., $28.50.

Philippe Frémeaux and Christine Durand, Comprendre l'économie soviétique, Syros, Paris, 1985, pp. 139. 39 FF.

Jacques Sapir, Travail et travailleurs en URSS, Editions La Decouverte, Paris, 1984, 127 pp. 31 FF.

Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State: An Examination of the Social and Political Aspects of Science in the USSR, London: Macmillan, 1984. x + 138 pp. £25.00.

John N. Hazard, William E. Butler, Peter B. Maggs, The Soviet Legal System: The Law in the 1980's. Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, New York, 1984. xiv + 439 pp. $45.00.

William B. Simons and Stephen White eds., The Party Statutes of the Communist World, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1984, viii + 545 pp. £58.50, Dfl. 230.00.

Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, ix + 331 pp., £29.50.

Marianna Tax Choldin, A Fence around the Empire. Russian Censorship of Western Ideas under the Tsars. Durham, Duke University Press, 1985, xii + 281 pp. $42.50.

Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney. 1985. xiii + 256 pp. £25.00.

Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth‐Century Ukraine. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press, 1985, xix + 333 pp, £30.00.

Jan Adam, Employment and Wage Policies in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary Since 1950. London and Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1984, xix + 251 pp. £25.00.

Nigel Swain, Collective Farms which work? Cambridge UP Soviet and East European Studies, Cambridge, New York, London 1985, 235 pp. £25.00.

C. M. Hann, A Village Without Solidarity: Polish peasants in years of crisis. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985, ix + 208 pp., £12.00.     

Reviews

Jaan Valsiner, Developmental Psychology in the Soviet Union. Brighton, UK: The Harvester Press, 1988, x + 398 pp., £35.00 h/b, £12.95 p/b.

Archie Brown, ed., Political Leadership in the Soviet Union, London: Macmillan, 1989, xi + 245 pp., £35.00 h/b, £14.99 p/b.

Susan L. Clark, ed., Gorbachev's Agenda: Changes in Soviet Domestic and Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989, xviii + 422 pp., $35.95 p/b.

David Wedgwood Benn, Persuasion and Soviet Politics. London: Basil Blackwell, 1989, x + 243 pp., £25.00 h/b.

Karl‐Eugen Wädekin, ed., Communist Agriculture: Farming in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. London and New York: Routledge, 1989, xviii + 331 pp., £50.00

Gary Bertsch and Christopher T. Saunders, eds., East‐West Economic Relations in the 1990s. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, and Vienna: The Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies, 1989, ix + 305 pp., £45.00.

Carl G. Jacobsen ed., Soviet Foreign Policy: New Dynamics, New Themes. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1989, xv + 214 pp.

Sylvia Woodby, Gorbachev and the Decline of Ideology in Soviet Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989, vii + 127 pp., $25.00 p/b.

Stephen J. Cimbala, Uncertainty and Control: Future Soviet and American Strategy. London: Pinter Publishers, 1990, viii + 183 pp., £28.00.

Alex Pravda and Peter J. S. Duncan eds., Soviet‐British Relations Since the 1970s. Cambridge, London: RIIA/Cambridge University Press, 1990, xii + 260 pp., £30.00.

Kirsten Amundsen, Soviet Strategic Interests in the North. London: Frances Pinter in association with John Spiers, 1990, x + 153 pp., £30.00.

Nicola Miller, Soviet Relations with Latin America, 1959–1987. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, ix + 252 pp., £25.00 or $39.50 h/b, £8.95 p/b.

Ilya Prizel, Latin America Through Soviet Eyes: the Evolution of Soviet Perceptions During the Brezhnev Era 1964–1982. Soviet and East European Studies, 72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, xiii+249 pp., £32.50, $44.50.

Milan Hauner, What is Asia to Us? Russia's Asian Heartland Yesterday and Today. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990, xvi + 264 pp., £30.00.

Michael Kirkwood, ed., Language Planning in the Soviet Union. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1989, x + 230 pp., £35.00.

Andrei Gromyko, Memoirs. New York: Doubleday, 1990, pp. 414, $24.95.

Ihor Kamenetsky, ed., The Tragedy of Vinnytsia: Materials on Stalin's Policy of Extermination in Ukraine (1936–1938). Toronto, New York: The Ukrainian Historical Association, 1989, 286 pp., notes, bibliography, index, illustrations, $25.00 h/b.

Dov. B. Lungu, Romania and the Great Powers 1933–1940. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1989, xv + 293 pp., £44.55.

Paul LeBlanc, Lenin and the Revolutionary Party. London: Humanities Press International, 1990, xxxiv + 399 pp., £45.00.

Daniel Rancour‐Lafferiere, The Mind of Stalin: a Psychoanalytic Study. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988, 161 pp., $17.95.     

Vetospieler und die Durchsetzbarkeit von Side‐Payments

Once an agreement is signed at the international level, it can no longer be modified during the domestic decision‐making process. However, it is possible to compensate potential veto players by a purely domestic legislative act. Under which circumstances do such side‐payments make sense, and what is the role played by political strategies? In order to be compensated, an actor needs to be considered a veto player. Furthermore, the defenders of the international agreement must have a sufficiently large interest in its ratification to be willing to offer compensations. These basic conditions fulfilled, the existence or not of side‐payments depends on the strategic interactions between the political actors. In the last ten years, Swiss citizens had to vote twice on an international agreement establishing free movement of persons. In both cases, the unions asked for flanking measures; while they failed in their attempt in the context of the European Economic Area, they succeeded in the case of the bilateral agreements. This difference in outcome is all the more surprising since in both cases the unions were in a veto player position and the export oriented economy had a strong interest in the ratification of the agreements. This article explains the different fate of the unions' claims by stressing the role of changes in actor strategies. The credibility of the threat to block the decision‐making process and the succession of the game sequences are in this perspective of paramount importance. By using strategically the veto threat, domestic groups such as unions are able to benefit from internationalisation.     

Marketing political soap: a political marketing view of selling candidates like soap,of electioneering as a ritual,and of electoral military analogies

This paper examines three common political expressions and ideas from a marketing perspective. First, the origins of the ‘selling candidates like soap’ expression are traced and it is argued that, rather than being ‘sold’ like a product, candidates are instead ‘marketed’ like a service provider such as a real estate agent. Traditional campaign rituals have a legitimate marketing function if electors, and not just political actors, are meaningfully incorporated and military analogies in elections have increasing relevance given the classic military strategy used by commercial marketers. Together, these examples suggest that the application of marketing to politics may require the rethinking of ingrained electoral jargon and concepts. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications