C. Reviews and notes bibliographies and works of reference

GRAMMAIRE ARABE A L'USAGE DES ELEVES DE L'ECOLE SPECIALE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES VIVANTES. By A. SILVESTRE de SACY. Paris 1831, reprinted Paris, Institut du Monde Arabe, [ca. 1987]. 2 vols. xxx, 608; 697pp. FF. 350.‐.

LERNWORTSCHATZ ARABISCH. By INGELORE GOLDMANN‐MUTLAK. (Modernes Arabisch, eds. Wolfgang Reuschel and Günther Krahl.) Leipzig, Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1990. 315pp. DM40.‐.

DICTIONARY OF POST‐CLASSICAL YEMENI ARABIC. By MOSHE PIAMENTA. Leiden, Brill, 1990. 2 vols. xxiv, 541 pp. Hfl 165.‐.

IRAN AND THE ARABIAN PENINSULA: ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS. London, Economist Intelligence Unit, 1991. 245pp. £145.

THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 1992. London, Europa Publications, 1991. xxii, 1024pp. £115.

KURZBIBLIOGRAPHIE: PROBLEME UND PERSPEKTIVEN EINER VOLLMITGLIEDSCHAFT DER TÜRKEI IN DER EUROPÄISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFT. Compiled by G. HANSEN. Hamburg, Deutsches Übersee‐Institut, 1989. 26pp. DM8.‐

ALBANIA. Edited by WILLIAM B. BLAND. (World Bibliographical Series, 94.) Oxford, Clio Press, 1988. xxxvi, 290pp. 1 map. £39.50.

THE TIMURID ARCHITECTURE OF IRAN AND TURAN. By L. GOLOMBEK and D. WILBER. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1988. 2 vols. 510pp., 16 colour plates, 481 black‐and‐white plates, 8 maps, 162 plans and sections, 45 text figs. US$130.‐     

Fragliche Autonomie

Zusammenfassung Die Autonomie der Soziologie als Wissenschaft ist nicht einfach eine Frage der Freiheit oder Befreiung von politischen Restriktionen in Forschung und Lehre. Sie l?sst sich auch nicht auf das Problem der ungehinderten organisatorischen Etablierung des Faches reduzieren. Mindestens ebenso wichtig ist die Entwicklung wissenschaftlicher Klassifikationen, die den epistemologischen Bruch zwischen auβerwissenschaftlichem und wissenschaftlichem Diskurs in der Soziologie erst m?glich machen. Informiert von der franz?sischen wissens-und wissenschaftssoziologischen Tradition (von Durkheim bis Bourdieu) geht der vorliegende Text der Frage nach, ob und inwiefern sich die heutige russische Soziologie in ihrem Anwendungs-, Gegenstands-und Methodenverst?ndnis von den Vorgaben der rein politischadministrativen Einführung des Faches in der Sowjetunion der 1960er Jahre gel?st hat. Hierfür wird das disziplin?re Feld analysiert, zum einen am Beispiel administrativ herausragender Repr?sentanten, zum anderen anhand (institutionalisierter) theoretisch-methodologischer Grundpositionen dieser SoziologInnen, die bis heute den Lehrbuch-Kanon des Faches bestimmen. Für die sowjetisch/russische Soziologie der 1960er-90er Jahre kann auf personeller und disziplin?rer Ebene ungeachtet der gravierenden historisch-politischen Ver?nderungen in diesem Zeitraum ein hohes Maβ an Kontinuit?t ausgemacht werden. Ungebrochen dominiert die übersetzung politischer Klassifizierungen in soziologische Kategorisierungen als „gesunder Menschenverstand“ der Disziplin. Die Professionalisierung der Soziologie in Russland ist daher auch in ihrer postsowjetischen Phase als unabgeschlossen zu bezeichnen.

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Summary The autonomy of sociology as a science is not simply a question of freedom or liberation from political restrictions in teaching and research. Neither can it be reduced to the problem of its unrestricted organizational establishment. At least as important is the development of scientific classifications without which the epistemological breach between non-scientific and scientific discourse could not be sustained. Based on the French tradition in the sociology of knowledge and science from Durkheim to Bourdieu, this analysis seeks to establish if and to what degree current Russian sociology in its understandings of its applications, objects and methods could liberate itself from the guidelines and structures set forth by the purely political-administrative institutionalization of the field in the Soviet union of the 1960s. The analysis of the disciplinary field considers administratively prominent representatives and their (institutionalized) theoretical- methodological positions which shape the textbook canon up to the present day. for the Soviet/Russian sociology from the 1960s to the 1990s and notwithstanding the serious historical and political changes, the findings suggest a very high degree of personnel and disciplinary continuity. The translation of political differentiations into sociological categorizations is still dominant and represents the “common sense” of the discipline. Thus, post-soviet sociology remains characterized by incomplete professionalization.

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Résumé L’autonomie de la sociologie n’est pas qu’une question de liberté ou d’émancipation à l’égard des contraintes politiques en matière de recherche et d’enseignement. Elle n’est pas réductible au problème de l’autonomie de la discipline au niveau organisationnel. L’élaboration de classifications scientifiques dont dépend l’instauration de la rupture épistémologique entre discours scientifique et discours non-scientifique est un facteur au moins aussi important. Instruit de la tradition fran?aise en matière de sociologie de la connaissance et de la science (de Durkheim à Bourdieu), le présent article étudie la question de savoir si et dans quelle mesure la sociologie russe contemporaine s’est affranchie, quant à la conception qu’elle a de ses applications, de son objet et de ses méthodes, du cadre purement politico-administratif qui lui avait été assigné au moment de son introduction dans l’Union soviétique des années 1960. A cette fin, cet article analyse le champ disciplinaire, d’une part en prenant pour exemple des occupants de positions académiques éminentes, d’autre part en partant de positions méthodologiques et théoriques de base (institutionnalisées) des sociologues qui, dans les manuels, comptent aujourd’hui encore parmi les classiques de la matière. L’auteur met en évidence le haut degré de continuité de la sociologie soviétique/russe dans les années 1960–1990, sur le plan personnel et disciplinaire, en dépit des bouleversements politiques et historiques de cette période. Aujourd’hui encore, la traduction des différences politiques en catégories sociologiques continue de s’imposer comme le „sens commun“ de la discipline. Ainsi peut-on parler également pour la sociologie postsoviétique d’une professionnalisation inachevée.

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Eine l?ngere, gemeinsam mit Sergej Gavrilenko verfasste Version dieses Artikels erschien in der russischen Zeitschrift Logos, Nr. 5-6, 2002 und Nr. 1-2, 2003.     

Economics and the Left Party Vote in Scandinavia: A Cross-National Analysis

While the literature on economic voting is vast, relatively little is known about how the economy affects party vote shares in Scandinavia per se. This article argues that left of center parties rather than incumbent governments per se bear the brunt of economic judgments at the voting booth. In large part this is due to these parties' preeminent role in establishing and maintaining the institutional welfare systems of these countries. We examine this hypothesis using pooled time-series data for Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden from 1960 to 1991.     

Dismantling intelligence agencies

Intelligence agencies from a remarkable institutional constant in most societies. They are frequently reformed but almost never dismantled, since their capabilities, personnel, and knowledge are simultaneously too vital and too threatening to successor regimes. Several case studies are reviewed which demonstrate the tenacity of personnel, bureaucratic structures, and institutional culture. The problem of dismantling intelligence agencies will confront both successor regimes to failed states and the West, and it left unaddressed will almost certainly undermine efforts at democratization. The problems are especially acute when considering totalitarian regimes such as Iraq. Carefully planning, debate over ethical and legal questions, and changes in institutional and public culture are all necessary.     

Institutional Openness and the Use of Referendums and Popular Initiatives: Evidence from Swiss Cantons

Despite the growing interest in direct democratic institutions—like referendums and popular initiatives—the empirical evidence on the relationship between institutional openness and use is still sparse. We use a novel data set on the institutional openness and test its link to actual voting behaviour for ballots in the Swiss cantons for the period 1970‐1996. We find no robust relationship between the number of cantonal ballots and openness, measured by the number of signatures necessary to force a ballot and the time limit within which they have to be gathered. We observe, however, that openness is negatively related with voter participation. Having to gather more signatures apparently increases the awareness in the population at large, creates more information about the issues at hand, and thus induces more voters to turn out.     

State Sovereignty in the Federal System: Constitutional Protections Under the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments

The U.S. Supreme Court has held that state sovereignty is protectedby principles of common law rather than explicit constitutionalguarantees under the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments. The Courthas also cautioned that congressional actions, even under delegatedpowers, may not threaten the integrity of states as sovereignentities in the federal system. The National League of Citiesdecision in 1976 appeared to reverse this doctrine by implyingthe existence of Tenth Amendment protections of state actionsin traditional functional areas. However, the federal courtsdiscounted the NLC ruling as a compelling precedent in subsequentfederalism cases because of its vagueness and its fundamentalinconsistency with established doctrine. In 1985, the SupremeCourt overturned the ruling in Garcia v. San Antonio, reaffirmingthe common law nature of state sovereignty and arguing thatconstitutional protection of state interests lies primarilyin the representative structure of the federal system ratherthan in specific constitutional guarantees.     

To loosen and bind: Khomeini,Rafsanjani, and supplementary governance in the Islamic Republic

ABSTRACT

Despite attention to Khomeini’s Guardianship of the Jurist (1970) and to Sunni iterations of ma?la?a, there is a dearth of Western scholarship on what Iranian scholars and journalists recognize as indispensable to governance in the Islamic Republic. With a comparative approach to modern perceptions of ma?la?a from inside and outside Iran, this article reveals a new perspective on how the outcome of debates in the earliest years of the Islamic Republic between the parliament and the Guardian Council went against the grain of traditional discussions on reconciling new laws with the shari‘a’s principles. Using academic literature, Sunni and Shi‘i jurisprudence, and, most significantly, one of Ayatullah Hashemi Rafsanjani’s (d. 2017) final interviews, this article shows that in these debates, Rafsanjani invoked the welfare of the state and national interest using the traditionally legal and limited concept of ma?la?a to justify new laws. Khomeini, on the other hand, re-imagined ma?la?a as necessary for Islamic Republic’s existence. Curiously, Khomeini’s re-imagining bears unexpected parallels with Jacques Derrida’s ‘supplement’, which, unlike ma?la?a, maintained human existence while the latter maintained political existence. Both ma?la?a and the supplement, however, provide a means and explanation for the defence of political and human existence during a real or perceived crisis.     

Ethnic and gender differences in risk for early adolescent substance use

This study examinedinterpersonal andintrapersonal risk for substance use in a sample of Caucasian and Hispanic early adolescents. A total of 1170 sixth and seventh graders, equally divided by gender, participated. Interpersonal risk was assessed by susceptibility to peer pressure, parental monitoring, peer substance use, parent-child involvement, and school adjustment. Intrapersonal risk was measured via self-efficacy, impulsivity, aggression, depression, and academic achievement. As expected, mean level of use did not differ between ethnic groups. Regression analyses indicated susceptibility to peer pressure and peer alcohol use were the best predictors of individual substance use. These findings were consistent across gender and ethnicity. In all groups, interpersonal variables accounted for more variance in predicting risk (49% for Hispanic males) than intrapersonal variables (0% for Hispanic females). Findings are discussed (1) in terms of examining mean levels vs. the underlying pattern predicting substance use, and (2) regarding implications for prevention efforts in early adolescence.This project was supported in part by BRSG S07RR07002 awarded by the Biomedical Research Support Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, to the first author.Received Ph.D. from Ohio State University in clinical child psychology. Research interests include parent-adolescent relations, developmental psychopathology, and affective expression in interactions.