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931.
Meritxell Pérez Ramírez María Sánchez López Andrea Giménez-Salinas Framis Manuel de Juan Espinosa 《Journal of Sexual Aggression》2018,24(2):225-239
We have analysed the information in 342 police reports of stranger sexual offences recorded in 2010. We have carried out a multiple correspondence analysis and a cluster analysis using modus operandi variables to identify differential profiles in these types of sexual offences. We have come up with three profiles of stranger sexual offences, which concur in the two techniques used. By analysing the personal variables of the offenders with such profiles, we have found differences in terms of the offender’s country of origin and age. We will discuss the consequences of these results on the police investigation of stranger sexual offences. 相似文献
932.
Arent de Jongh Ph.D. Anko R. Lubach Sheryl L. Lie Kwie M.A. Ivo Alberink Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(1):108-119
Latent print examiners often use their experience and knowledge to reach a conclusion on the identity of the source. Their conclusion is primarily based on their personal opinion on the rarity of the matching fingerprint features. Fingerprint patterns, if present, can play a significant role in the final assessment of a match. The authors believe that statistical data on the rarity of fingerprint patterns strengthens the subjective evaluation of the corresponding information. In order to provide fingerprint examiners with additional numerical support, fingerprint patterns were manually classified in a set of 24,104 fingerprints. In this study the frequencies of occurrence of 35 different fingerprint patterns have been obtained. The frequency data presented in this study can be used in the ACE‐V process applied in forensic casework, allowing for the assessment of the evidential strength related to a specific fingerprint pattern type. 相似文献
933.
Claire A. J. van den Eeden M.Sc. Christianne J. de Poot Ph.D. Peter J. van Koppen Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(1):120-126
A large body of research has described the influence of context information on forensic decision‐making. In this study, we examined the effect of context information on the search for and selection of traces by students (N = 36) and crime scene investigators (N = 58). Participants investigated an ambiguous mock crime scene and received prior information indicating suicide, a violent death or no information. Participants described their impression of the scene and wrote down which traces they wanted to secure. Results showed that context information impacted first impression of the scene and crime scene behavior, namely number of traces secured. Participants in the murder condition secured most traces. Furthermore, the students secured more crime‐related traces. Students were more confident in their first impression. This study does not indicate that experts outperform novices. We therefore argue for proper training on cognitive processes as an integral part of all forensic education. 相似文献
934.
Marta R. P. Flores M.Sc. Carlos E. P. Machado Ph.D. Matteo D. Gallidabino Ph.D. Gustavo H. M. de Arruda Ph.D. Ricardo H. A. da Silva Ph.D. Flávio B. de Vidal Ph.D. Rodolfo F. H. Melani Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(3):828-838
Positioning landmarks in facial photo‐anthropometry (FPA) applications remains today a highly variable procedure, as traditional cephalometric definitions are used as guidelines. Herein, a novel landmark‐positioning approach, specifically adapted for FPA applications, is introduced and, in particular, assessed against the conventional cephalometric definitions for the analysis of 16 landmarks on ten frontal images by two groups of examiners (with and without professional knowledge of anatomy). Results showed that positioning reproducibility was significantly better using the novel method. Indeed, in contrast to the classic approach, very low landmark dispersions were observed for both groups of examiners, which were usually below the strictest clinical standards (i.e., 0.575 mm). Furthermore, the comparison between the two groups of examiners highlighted higher dispersion consistencies, which supported a higher robustness. Thus, the use of an adapted landmark‐positioning approach proved to be highly advantageous in FPA analysis and future work in this field should consider adopting similar methodologies. 相似文献
935.
Belisa M. Lunas M.Sc. Michele C. de Paula Ph.D. Kamylla B. Michelutti Ph.D. Sidnei E. Lima‐Junior Ph.D. William F. Antonialli‐Junior Ph.D. Claudia A. L. Cardoso Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(6):1720-1725
One of the most important contributions of forensic entomology is to assist criminal expertise to determine the postmortem interval, which depends on the duration of the immature stages of insects of forensic interest. On the other hand, the time of development of the different stages varies according to the species; therefore, its identification is essential. Currently, few studies have investigated the use of cuticular hydrocarbons, and none regarding fatty acids, as complementary taxonomic tools to expedite species identification. Therefore, we evaluated whether cuticular hydrocarbons together with fatty acids of eggs of flies of the family Calliphoridae, main group of forensic interest, can be used to distinguish species. The analyses were performed by chromatographic techniques. The results show that there are significant differences between the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons and fatty acids between species and, therefore, they can be used to provide a complementary taxonomic tool to expedite the forensic expertise. 相似文献
936.
“行为”是犯罪最基本的分析单位和最基本的特征要素,是刑法学研究的逻辑起点。对贩卖假毒品行为的定性及处罚不仅仅是司法实践中的难题,而且涉及到许多刑法理论问题,诸如不能犯与未遂犯的区别,行为无价值论与结果无价值论的争议等。本文主张以结果无价值为基本根据评价行为的实质违法性,如果行为人不知是假毒品而以毒品进行贩卖的,不应以贩卖毒品罪追究其刑事责任。 相似文献
937.
Suárez-Peñaranda JM de la Calle MC Rodrìguez-Calvo MS Muñoz JI Concheiro L 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2001,22(3):275-277
Blunt abdominal trauma can cause rapid death resulting from serious injuries of internal organs. The liver is commonly involved and may show tearing, usually in its upper surface, resulting in hemoperitoneum eventually leading to death. Minor trauma implies serious liver damage only when previous pathologic changes causing enlargement of the organ are present. The case of a 25-year-old woman who died as a consequence of a minor road accident is reported. At autopsy, the body showed no external injuries, the only relevant finding being a massive hemoperitoneum from the rupture of an unusually large liver cell adenoma. Liver cell adenomas carry a serious risk of spontaneous rupture, which may result in the death of the patient. The occurrence of the rupture after a minor blunt abdominal trauma is highly unusual. 相似文献
938.
Online reference database of European Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Roewer L Krawczak M Willuweit S Nagy M Alves C Amorim A Anslinger K Augustin C Betz A Bosch E Cagliá A Carracedo A Corach D Dekairelle AF Dobosz T Dupuy BM Füredi S Gehrig C Gusmaõ L Henke J Henke L Hidding M Hohoff C Hoste B Jobling MA Kärgel HJ de Knijff P Lessig R Liebeherr E Lorente M Martínez-Jarreta B Nievas P Nowak M Parson W Pascali VL Penacino G Ploski R Rolf B Sala A Schmidt U Schmitt C Schneider PM Szibor R Teifel-Greding J Kayser M 《Forensic science international》2001,118(2-3):106-113
The reference database of highly informative Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes (YHRD), available online at http://ystr.charite.de, represents the largest collection of male-specific genetic profiles currently available for European populations. By September 2000, YHRD contained 4688 9-locus (so-called "minimal") haplotypes, 40% of which have been extended further to include two additional loci. Establishment of YHRD has been facilitated by the joint efforts of 31 forensic and anthropological institutions. All contributing laboratories have agreed to standardize their Y-STR haplotyping protocols and to participate in a quality assurance exercise prior to the inclusion of any data. In view of its collaborative character, and in order to put YHRD to its intended use, viz. the support of forensic caseworkers in their routine decision-making process, the database has been made publicly available via the Internet in February 2000. Online searches for complete or partial Y-STR haplotypes from evidentiary or non-probative material can be performed on a non-commercial basis, and yield observed haplotype counts as well as extrapolated population frequency estimates. In addition, the YHRD website provides information about the quality control test, genotyping protocols, haplotype formats and informativity, population genetic analysis, literature references, and a list of contact addresses of the contributing laboratories. 相似文献
939.
Political scientists often argue that political processes movetogether in the long run. Examples include partisanship andgovernment approval, conflict and cooperation among countries,public policy sentiment and policy activity, economic evaluationsand economic conditions, and taxing and spending. Error correctionmodels and cointegrating relationships are often used to characterizethese equilibrium relationships and to test hypotheses aboutpolitical change. Typically the techniques used to estimateequilibrium relationships are based on the statistical assumptionthat the processes have permanent memory, implying that politicalexperiences cumulate. Yet many analysts have argued that thisis not a reasonable theoretical or statistical assumption formost political time series. In this paper I examine the consequencesof assuming permanent memory when data have long but not permanentmemory. I focus on two commonly used estimators: the Engle-Grangertwo-step estimator and generalized error correction. In my analysisI consider the important role of simultaneity and discuss implicationsfor the conclusions political scientists have drawn about thenature, even the existence, of equilibrium relationships betweenpolitical processes. I find that even small violations of thepermanent memory assumption can present substantial problemsfor inference on long-run relationships in situations that arelikely to be common in applied work in all fields and suggestways that analysts should proceed. 相似文献
940.