Combination of DNA-based and conventional methods to detect human leukocyte antigen polymorphism and its use for paternity testing

In cases of disputed paternity, the scientific goal is to promote either the exclusion of a falsely accused man or the affiliation of the alleged father. Until now, in addition to anthropologic characteristics, the determination of genetic markers included human leukocyte antigen gene variants; erythrocyte antigens and serum proteins were used for that reason. Recombinant DNA techniques provided a new set of highly variable genetic markers based on DNA nucleotide sequence polymorphism. From the practical standpoint, the application of these techniques to paternity testing provides greater versatility than do conventional genetic marker systems. The use of methods to detect the polymorphism of human leukocyte antigen loci significantly increases the chance of validation of ambiguous results in paternity testing. The outcome of 2384 paternity cases investigated by serologic and/or DNA-based human leukocyte antigen typing was statistically analyzed. Different cases solved by DNA typing are presented involving cases with one or two accused men, exclusions and nonexclusions, and tests of the paternity of a deceased man. The results provide evidence for the advantage of the combined application of various techniques in forensic diagnostics and emphasizes the outstanding possibilities of DNA-based assays. Representative examples demonstrate the strength of combined techniques in paternity testing.     

Föderalismus, Dezentralisierung und Performanz. Eine makroquantitative Analyse der Leistungsfähigkeit territorialer Politikorganisation in entwickelten Demokratien

Does federalism matter? We develop a theoretical model on the causal relationships between federalism, decentralization and system performance by merging the two literatures on political and fiscal federalism. The model is then tested in a quantitative analysis, including the OECD countries. We find that, consistent with our model, federalism and decentralization are different dimensions of the territorial organization of politics. Decentralization has positive effects; federalism tends to result in either no or a negative performance effect.     

The contribution of international accounting standards to implementing NPM in developing and developed countries

In recent years, numerous countries have undertaken administrative reforms to implement New Public Management (NPM) postulates. The implementation of NPM involves new information needs for decision taking by public managers. In this context, public sector accounting plays a key role as an information system for the successful implementation of NPM. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is undertaking an international accounting harmonisation project to establish high‐quality public sector standards to meet the new information requirements under NPM worldwide. This article examines the capability of IFAC accounting measurement bases to meet information needs under NPM postulates, in both developing and developed countries, analysing the differences between these types of countries. The National Accounting Standard Setters (NASS) of 47 countries were asked about the usefulness and viability of Fair Value Accounting (FVA) to implement NPM postulates, especially those concerning improved efficiency, enhanced information transparency and benchmarking analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Institution als symbolische Form

Ernst Cassirers ?Philosophie der symbolischen Formen“ (PSF) dient gegenwärtig in den Institutionentheorien von Gerhard Göhler und Karl-Siegbert Rehberg als Erklärung für die generell konstitutive Bedeutung der symbolischen Dimension von Institutionen. In diesem Beitrag wird überprüft, in welcher Hinsicht und mit welchen Konsequenzen die jeweilige Integration von Cassirers PSF vollzogen wird. Dabei werden drei Thesen entfaltet: (1) Göhlers Integration der Cassirer’schen Kategorien führt zu einer Auflösung der PSF innerhalb dieser Institutionentheorie, während Rehbergs Rückgriff auf Cassirer eine Auflösung seiner Institutionentheorie in der Gesellschaftstheorie bedeutet. (2) Trotz dieses Unterschieds beruhen die Schwierigkeiten beider Ansätze auf demselben Problem: Sie nehmen die PSF immer nur in ihrer Relevanz für die Gegenstände in Anspruch, die sie als Institutionen bezeichnen, aber nicht für den Institutionenbegriff selbst. (3) Abschließend wird noch kurz zur Diskussion gestellt, warum genau dieser Aspekt eine Möglichkeit bietet, Institution selbst als symbolische Form zu begreifen.     

Books in review

He is author of Reversing Language Shift; Yiddish: Turning to Life;and most recently, The Earliest Stage of Language Planning.     

The Coleman–Shapley index: being decisive within the coalition of the interested

Public Choice - The Coleman power of a collectivity to act (CPCA) is a popular statistic that reflects the ability of a committee to pass a proposal. Applying the Shapley value to that measure, we...