Wage differentials and social comparison: An experimental study of interrelated ultimatum bargaining

Equal pay for equal work is discussed in many different legal and political contexts. Our study explores one consequence of this formula, the effect of social comparison for wage acceptance, in multilateral ultimatum games. The results of our laboratory experiments indicate that the availability of information concerning ultimatum offers to other responders influences acceptance behavior even if responders have differing outside options. Particularly, behavior is only partly influenced by self-regarding social comparison; that is, the probability of acceptance decreases significantly for offers that put responders at a substantial disadvantage compared with others. On the contrary, responders are also partly concerned about unfavorable discrimination against others. However, we find that in our setting, i.e. in a setting where the wage offer relation is endogenously chosen, a slightly unequal relation maximizes the joint acceptance frequency for both responders.     

Union Citizenship: Unpacking the Beast of Burden

Law and Philosophy -     

Schadenersatz bei Verletzung der Anzeigepflicht nach § 12a Abs 3 MRG

Für die Zul?ssigkeit der Verfahrensart kommt es auf das konkrete Rechtsschutzbegehren (hier: Anhebungsbegehren nach § 12a Abs 3 MRG) an, nicht aber darauf, welches Rechtsschutzziel (hier: Schadenersatzansprüche wegen Verletzung der Anzeigepflicht des § 12a Abs 1 2. Satz MRG ) der Antragsteller tats?chlich erreichen k?nnte.     

Molecular study of time dependent changes in DNA stability in soil buried skeletal residues

Stamp marks are used as a unique identification for a range of items, but these can be erased for criminal activities. Erased marks can sometimes be recovered by etching or magnetic means. The present study looked at the application of Fry's reagent to recover erased marks from steel. The investigation also demonstrated that Fry's reagent can deteriorate on storing and will require a longer etching time. The effect of different applied forces of stamping was investigated, and the depth of the underlying deformation was determined by etching after varying degrees of metal removal. The amount of metal needing to be removed depends on the force applied to the die. Metal removal also affects the time needed for recovery. The underlying structural change remains as a hidden identification mark, and could potentially be used by manufacturers as an unseen identifier. A model for the underlying deformation is proposed.     

Zur schadenersatzrechtlichen Zurechnung von Subunternehmers zum Bauherrn

Trifft den Verk?ufer nach der Vertragslage eine spezifische Pflicht, den Kaufgegenstand in eigener Verantwortung herzustellen bzw herstellen zu lassen (vgl § 1165 ABGB) und das Gesamtprojekt im zugesagten Sinn abzuwickeln und liegt dann eine (gravierende) Schlechterfüllung der vom Verk?ufer übernommenen Herstellungspflicht vor, dann hat er gem § 1298 ABGB zu behaupten (und zu beweisen), dass ihn an der vorgelegenen Verletzung seiner Leistungspflicht kein (eigenes) Verschulden (auch in seiner Funktion als Bauherr) trifft. Der Schaden der Erwerber aus der übertragung einer mit schweren Baum?ngeln behafteten Eigentumswohnung realisiert sich weder mit dem Anwartschaftsvertrag über eine noch gar nicht fertiggestellte Wohnung noch mit einer nachfolgenden provisorischen Nutzungsvereinbarung über die Wohnung, die lediglich ein Gebrauchsrecht vermittelt, sondern frühestens mit dem nachtr?glichen Abschluss des Kauf- und WE-Vertrags, weil erst dieser die Grundlage für den Eigentumserwerb am nicht vertragskonformen Leistungsgegenstand (wertgeminderte Eigentumswohnung) bildet. Keine Entscheidung der Frage, ob die lange 30-j?hrige Verj?hrungsfrist des § 1489 S 2 ABGB bereits mit der sch?digenden Handlung oder erst mit Schadenseintritt zu laufen beginnt.     

Do trials of perpetrators retraumatize crime victims?

Attendance at trials of perpetrators could be retraumatizing for crime victims suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. To investigate this hypothesis, two studies were conducted in which retraumatization was defined as a significant increase in posttraumatic stress reactions. A cross-sectional study of 137 victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed that trial variables do virtually not predict posttraumatic stress reactionsat a time several years after trial. A longitudinal study of 31 victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed intraindividual stability of posttraumatic stress reactions for the time interval from a few weeks before the trial to a few weeks after the trial; in addition, interindividual stability was high. The results of both studies do not support the retraumatization hypothesis, which should therefore be used with caution.     

Age determination of an unknown body in early adulthood

The authors report on the estimation of the age of an unidentified deceased adolescent in connection with the body's identification. A physical examination by a forensic physician and an examination by a forensic dentist, including determination of the dental status and an X-ray of the teeth were used to estimate the age. In addition, an X-ray of the left hand as well as an X-ray and MRT scan of the clavicles were carried out by forensic radiologists. Combining the results of the individual examinations, the age of the deceased was estimated to range between 18 and 21 years. In the course of the police investigation it was found out that the deceased was 20 years and 7 months old. This has led to the conclusion that combined use of methods allows the age even of adolescents to be determined with relatively high accuracy and a minimum of time and effort.