浅析美军撤离后伊拉克政治重建的安全环境

自2010年以来,伊拉克国内权力分配逐渐失衡,逊尼派在政治斗争中被边缘化。随着美国撤离伊拉克,美国、沙特、伊朗和土耳其等域外或地区大国在维持伊拉克统一的问题早已达成共识并不断加强对伊拉克内政的干涉与渗透,这归因于伊拉克重建类型并非是内生自主型,而是外部控制和影响下的半自主型。当前,伊拉克国内累积的矛盾正在迅速演化为政治危机,政治区域化趋势加强和权力分配是国家重建进程的焦点。伊拉克安全局势的走向则取决于各派未来能否达成新的分权协议。     

以人为本与人性化关系辨正

以人为本与人性化是两个既有区别又内在关联的概念。在马克思主义哲学视阈中,以人为本是社会主义的基本价值,是一种价值观,而不是历史观;而人性化是新的时代精神,是以人为本的深化和现实化,而不是泛化和任性化;以人为本的实质在于解放人,人性化的实质在于"使人成其为人"。我国现在所倡导的以人为本,还不是真正的人性化,而是一种执政理念。当前,需要在人性化引导下将以人为本推向现实。     

Treaty Commitment as a Signaling Device: Explaining the Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic,Social, and Cultural Rights

This study investigates the determinants of the ratification of International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). To do so, it proposes an explanation that postulates that states employ treaty ratification as a device to signal their resolve to implement polices required by the treaty at issue in order to appease demanding domestic constituencies, predicting that states with lower compliance capacity tend to commit faster than states with higher compliance capacity. Applying this explanation to the ICESCR leads to two expectations. First, the larger government spending a proxy of high compliance capacity is hypothesized to delay the ratification process. Second, states with the unitary system are expected to ratify the ICESCR more promptly because the centralized power structure in unitary states significantly restricts the pursuit of the policy autonomy by minorities at local level that the right to self-determination entails. The Cox proportional hazard analysis lends support to both hypotheses.