欧洲群体诉讼机制介评

引言现代化大生产和科技进步创造出了惊人的物质财富,同时也催生出“大众侵权行为”这种社会病。这种能够同时危害多数人合法利益的不法行为所引起的纠纷就是所谓的“现代型纠纷”,〔1〕其侵害的利益一般被称为“扩散性利益”。〔2〕矫正、惩戒乃至预防大众侵权行为,救济恢复已     

Klagebefugnis aus dem allgemeinen Willkürverbot bei einem Verstoß gegen die Staatszielbestimmung Umweltschutz

Zusammenfassung Nach einer Entscheidung des Bayerischen Verfassungsgerichtshofs kann ein Bauleitplan wegen Versto? gegen das Willkürverbot aus Gründen des Umweltschutzes nichtig sein. Diese auf eine Popularklage ergangene Entscheidung er?ffnet die Frage, ob der Verfassungsgrundsatz des Willkürverbots auch im Rahmen von Verwaltungsakten herangezogen werden kann. Der Beitrag bejaht diese M?glichkeit.     

中缅建交前后两国经贸关系述论

1945-1953年,中缅经贸规模和数量都较为有限。然而,由于中国推动双边关系方面的努力、“金三角”问题和大米贸易的杠杆作用,使两国经贸关系在1954年取得突破性的发展。中缅建交初期,在两国经贸发展中政治因素多于经济成分的这种模式,至少一直持续到20世纪80年代中后期缅甸放弃“缅甸式社会主义”,实行改革开放以后。     

Bureaucrats’ corruption and competition in public administration

Competition in public administration is often advocated as a solution to bureaucrats’ corruption. However, there are no well developed analyses of how competition could succeed and the issue of its detailed design has not been carefully addressed so far. In this paper, we put forward a series of models that help understand what competition in public administration can actually accomplish. We distinguish two different shapes that corruption may take: bribery and extortion, and we demonstrate, under the usual assumption of asymmetric information as to the honesty of the bureaucrats, that while competition is effective in fighting extortion it exacerbates bribery. Given that corruption normally manifests itself simultaneously under the two different shapes, an anti-corruption policy based upon competition is bound to face a serious trade-off: trying to curb one of them through competition implies making the other worse. This result holds, with some differences, under exogenous and endogenous bureaucrats’ “honesty”. The dual aspect of corruption is probably one of the most serious—and so far largely neglected—obstacles to any effective anti-corruption policy.     

违约金性质浅析——兼论《合同法》第114条违约金的性质

对违约金性质的讨论应当区分两个层次,一是一般意义之违约金的性质问题,二是具体法律条文与合同条款中违约金的性质问题。一般意义之违约金性质属合同违约责任。划分惩罚性违约金和赔偿性违约金的标准应采损害预设标准。《合同法》第114条第2款违约金乃赔偿性违约金。应当遵从限制适用惩罚性违约金以实现公平的精神将第114条第3款违约金解释为赔偿性违约金。我国现行法律上仍有惩罚性违约金的存在空间。具体合同条款中违约金的性质应根据当事人的约定来判断;当事人对其性质约定不明的,应首先根据《合同法》第61条和125条来处理;仍无法确定其性质的,应解释为赔偿性违约金。     

Clinically Significant Trauma Symptoms and Behavioral Problems in a Community-based Sample of Children Exposed to Domestic Violence

This study assessed the associations of characteristics of domestic violence incidents with clinically significant levels of traumatic symptoms and behavioral problems in a socio-economically and ethnically mixed sample of 687 children participating in a community-service program for children witnessing violence. Study predictors included child/family demographic characteristics, type and chronicity of exposure, and child’s perceptions of control over the event and threat to personal safety. Outcomes consisted of traumatic symptoms and behavior problems. Results showed that perceived threat and control were associated with greater odds of clinically significant levels of several trauma symptoms (and behavior problems in the case of perceived threat) after adjusting for effects of demographic factors and violence characteristics. Child co-victimization increased odds of reaching clinically significant levels of traumatic symptoms compared to children who witnessed the event but were not victimized. Female sex and White ethnicity increased odds of specific trauma symptoms and behavior problems. Increasing age reduced odds of some trauma symptoms. Associations between predictors and one outcome measure did not generalize across the other outcome measure. Implications of study findings, and directions for future research are discussed.