全文获取类型
收费全文 | 676篇 |
免费 | 27篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 38篇 |
工人农民 | 43篇 |
世界政治 | 76篇 |
外交国际关系 | 30篇 |
法律 | 419篇 |
中国政治 | 2篇 |
政治理论 | 95篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 15篇 |
2018年 | 31篇 |
2017年 | 45篇 |
2016年 | 42篇 |
2015年 | 25篇 |
2014年 | 30篇 |
2013年 | 84篇 |
2012年 | 32篇 |
2011年 | 19篇 |
2010年 | 13篇 |
2009年 | 16篇 |
2008年 | 29篇 |
2007年 | 31篇 |
2006年 | 25篇 |
2005年 | 20篇 |
2004年 | 30篇 |
2003年 | 19篇 |
2002年 | 27篇 |
2001年 | 23篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 9篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有703条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
151.
152.
Laura Gómez-Mera 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2011,46(3):243-269
An increasing number of developing and emerging economies have adopted an inflation targeting framework for monetary policy
during the last two decades. This article investigates the politics of inflation targeting by focusing on the case of Brazil.
I argue that the decision to implement an inflation targeting system in 1999 did not only reflect the concerns of political
leaders with maintaining electoral support and external credibility. In addition, the choice of this new policy approach was
informed by a shift in the technical consensus among Brazilian economists about the most effective way to tame inflationary
pressures in a context of high capital mobility. The shift to inflation targeting thus reflected a process of social learning
among technical elites, facilitated not only by the failure of the previous policy but also by the successful experience of
other inflation targeting countries. Moreover, the evidence presented here suggests that, as the first country to adopt inflation
targets in the context of an IMF-supported program, Brazil became a test case and a natural experiment for the redefinition
of IMF conditionality and surveillance mechanisms. The paper thus sheds light on a process of reciprocal learning, whereby
the IMF not only contributed to collective learning but also learned from the Brazilian case, subsequently becoming an active
promoter of inflation targeting among developing countries. 相似文献
153.
Rocío Dánica Cóndor Antonino Scarelli Riccardo Valentini 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2011,11(2):117-137
The three Rio Conventions—the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity,
and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification—face the challenge to create synergies at different levels. The
objective of this article is to describe how we have assessed synergies between the Rio Conventions at the project level in
the forest sector. Since the complexity of the decision problem is high, we adopted the Multicriteria Decision Aid approach,
which can provide a broad insight into the decision problem and find a compromise solution to a problem with multidimensional
and conflicting criteria including social, economic and environmental features. The ELECTRE TRI model was used for assessing
synergies at the project level, and has been a useful tool to quantify the performance of afforestation and reforestation
projects into three categories (synergistic, reasonably synergistic, and not synergistic). For the first time, afforestation
and reforestation projects have been assessed in a comprehensive way through decision criteria that reflect global and local
interests using a non-compensatory multicriteria method. 相似文献
154.
Gómez-Valdés JA Quinto-Sánchez M Menéndez Garmendia A Veleminska J Sánchez-Mejorada G Bruzek J 《Forensic science international》2012,221(1-3):156.e1-156.e7
Sex estimation is the first step for biological profile reconstruction of an unknown skeleton (archaeological or contemporary) and consequently for positive identification of skeletal remains recovered from forensic settings. Several tools have been developed using different osseous structures. With the intention to provide an objective method comparison, we reported the analysis of three different methods (visual, metric and geometric morphometrics) for sex assessment of the greater sciatic notch. One hundred and thirty pelvic bones (45.4% females and 54.6% males) from the National Autonomous University of Mexico Skeletal Collection pertaining to the contemporary Mexican population were analyzed. We used the ROC-analysis to test between desired false positive thresholds (1-specificity) and expected true positive rates (sensitivity) in order to predict the best approach to sex assessment. The comparison of the area under the ROC-curves shows significant differences among visual and metric methods. At the same time, the analysis suggested that higher morphological variation among the sexes is independent of the methodological approach. The results indicate that the metric (angle), with a high percent of indeterminate cases (34.6%), and visual, with 26.2% of the cases allocated as intermediate cases, were poorly accurate; we cannot recommend these techniques for sexing an unknown specimen. On the other hand, the geometric morphometrics approach improves sex estimation in 82.3% of correctly classified individuals with more than 95% of posterior probability. In addition to the method comparison, the major sexual variation of the greater sciatic notch was determined to be located on its posterior border. 相似文献
155.
Lendoiro E Quintela O de Castro A Cruz A López-Rivadulla M Concheiro M 《Forensic science international》2012,217(1-3):207-215
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) target screening in 50mg hair was developed and fully validated for 35 analytes (Δ9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, methadone, fentanyl, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, scopolamine, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, tetrazepam, triazolam, zolpidem, zopiclone, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine). Hair decontamination was performed with dichloromethane, and incubation in 2 mL of acetonitrile at 50°C overnight. Extraction procedure was performed in 2 steps, first liquid-liquid extraction, hexane:ethyl acetate (55:45, v:v) at pH 9, followed by solid-phase extraction (Strata-X cartridges). Chromatographic separation was performed in AtlantisT3 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 3 μm) column, acetonitrile and ammonium formate pH 3 as mobile phase, and 32 min total run time. One transition per analyte was monitored in MRM mode. To confirm a positive result, a second injection monitoring 2 transitions was performed. The method was specific (no endogenous interferences, n=9); LOD was 0.2-50 pg/mg and LOQ 0.5-100 pg/mg; linearity ranged from 0.5-100 to 2000-20,000 pg/mg; imprecision <15%; analytical recovery 85-115%; extraction efficiency 4.1-85.6%; and process efficiency 2.5-207.7%; 27 analytes showed ion suppression (up to -86.2%), 4 ion enhancement (up to 647.1%), and 4 no matrix effect; compounds showed good stability 24-48 h in autosampler. The method was applied to 17 forensic cases. In conclusion, a sensitive and specific target screening of 35 analytes in 50mg hair, including drugs of abuse (THC, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines) and medicines (benzodiazepines, antidepressants) was developed and validated, achieving lower cut-offs than Society of Hair Testing recommendations. 相似文献
156.
Methanol is a potent neurotoxic substance that causes severe metabolic acidosis and serious neurological disorders. Most of the cases are accidental exposures to drinking beverages contaminated with methanol. There are few articles reporting pure methanol intoxication; however, it is well known that small quantities of pure methanol causes blindness and death, the minimum lethal dose being 50-100 ml.A case report is presented of a 67-year-old woman, who committed suicide by ingestion of 500 ml of absolute methanol. Despite symptomatic and supportive intensive care, the woman died 23 h after hospital admission due to metabolic acidosis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. A complete medico-legal autopsy was performed. Grossly, there was complete detachment of the oesophagus mucosa and brownish discolouration of the gastric mucosa. Histological findings showed diffuse haemorrhagic necrosis of the stomach mucosa and intense acute inflammatory infiltration of the lamina propria. To our knowledge, this is the first autopsy report of such severe digestive injuries. A discussion and review of the recent literature on the subject are given. 相似文献
157.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the chronology of different stages of dental development, according to Demirjian, in a sample of Spanish children, which will enable us to build a database that will be used as a reference in regard to the dental development of individuals of our socio-geographic environment. In the same studied sample, a calculation of the dental age according to Demirjian was carried out. This study was conducted in a final sample consisting of 1010 orthopantograms, corresponding to Spanish children (485 boys and 525 girls) ages 2-16. Comparing the age of onset of the different stages among the children, evidence was found that girls had an earlier general development than boys. These differences were only statistically significant in teeth and concrete stages. The canine teeth revealed greater gender dimorphism, with significant differences in all stages compared with the upper canines. The method proposed by Demirjian for dental age calculation resulted in a significant overestimation of dental age in relation to the chronological age in boys (average of 0.87 years) and girls (average of 0.55 years). Data from this study may be used as reference for dental maturity, as well as a standard for estimating age in Spanish children. 相似文献
158.
One crucial element for the evolution of cooperation may be the sensitivity to others?? efforts and pay-offs in comparison with one??s own costs and gains. If an individual responds to a disadvantageous reward distribution, then it would likely increase its relative fitness compared with those who do not (Brosnan & de Waal, Nature 428:140, 2004). Recent experimental research indicates that sensitivity toward unequal reward distribution is not a uniquely human trait; non-human primates react to inequity if they witness a conspecific that obtains a more attractive reward for the same effort. However, primates are not the only species that cooperate and thus would benefit from inequity aversion. Canids also frequently cooperate with group members (e.g., wolves, wild dogs, etc.) or humans (domestic dogs), allowing for the possibility that they also are sensitive to the reward distribution. We report the findings of two studies of dogs?? responses to inequity and the social factors that mediate such responses. In the first study, we investigated whether domestic dogs showed a response to the inequity of rewards received for the same action in pairs of familiar dogs. We found that dogs showed significant behavioral differences when tested without food rewards when in the presence of a rewarded partner compared to the baseline and asocial control situations. This indicated that the presence of a rewarded partner matters (Range, Horn, Virányi, & Huber, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(1):340?C345, 2009). In contrast to primates, dogs did not react to differences in the quality of food or effort. In the second study, we analyzed whether individual (motivational or personality) characteristics determined the response of each subject to unequal reward distributions or whether the subject??s responses depended on the specific relationship they had with its partner. We found that individual motivation and the quality of the relationship influenced the dogs?? performance in test conditions, but that these factors varied across the control and reward inequity conditions. Overall, our results suggest that inequity aversion in dogs is conditional on their and their partner??s rewards. Whether inequity aversion is based on the same mechanisms in both humans and non-human primates is still unclear. 相似文献
159.
Pérez-Cárceles MD del Pozo S Sibón A Noguera JA Osuna E Vizcaya MA Luna A 《Forensic science international》2012,214(1-3):159-166
The aim of our study was to analyse several serum biochemical markers in order to evaluate the discriminant capacity of trace elements individually and jointly in drowning (seawater drowning and freshwater drowning) and their correlation with age, sex, postmortem interval, time in water and concentrations of the trace elements in the drowning medium. Sixty-seven cases of drowning (53 seawater drownings (SWD); 14 freshwater drownings (FWD) and 73 control cases (other asphyxias, n=44, and other causes of death, n=29) were selected according to the scene, cause and circumstances of death, together with autopsy findings. Serum strontium (Sr), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), urea, creatinine (Cr) and cardiac Troponine T (cTn-T) were measured in the left ventricle (Lv), right ventricle (Rv) and peripheral blood. Lv-Rv differences for each marker and Sr, Mg, Na, Cl, Ca and Fe concentrations in the drowning medium were determinated. Mean concentrations of Sr, Cl and Mg in both ventricles and peripheral serum and Lv-Rv differences and Ca Lv and Na Rv were significantly higher in cases of drowning than for other causes of death. In SWD, Sr, Mg, Ca, Na and Cl were significantly higher in Lv than in Rv as a result of aspirating water. In contrast, haemodilution is evident from the significantly higher levels of Fe and urea in Rv than in Lv in cases of SWD, and from the higher Mg and Cr levels in Rv in FWD. In the case of SWD, serum levels of Sr are confirmed as the best parameter for diagnosis, although other trace elements may also be useful, such as the serum concentrations of Mg and Cl. In the case of FWD, the joint determination of Sr and other biochemical markers, especially Fe, may increase correct diagnosis. 相似文献
160.
E Gutiérrez-Redomero N Rivaldería C Alonso-Rodríguez LM Martín JE Dipierri MA Fernández-Peire R Morillo 《Forensic science international》2012,222(1-3):266-276
In recent years, both scientific and judicial sources have highlighted the need for more knowledge about minutiae variability, in order to improve their statistical application to fingerprint identification. In line with this trend toward improving our knowledge of this subject, the aim of the present study was to calculate the frequency with which 20 types of minutiae appeared in 2780 fingerprint impressions obtained from 278 individuals from two Argentinian population samples (100 individuals from Ramal and 178 from Puna-Quebrada). The different types of minutiae were located, identified, and quantified visually in two areas on the fingerprint, the inside and outside of a circle, the radius of which cut fifteen ridges perpendicularly, starting from the center cut of the axes defining the sectors. The non-equiprobability found in both population samples for the different minutiae types studied demonstrated that the evidential weight provided by these characteristics is not the same when applied in identification processes, whether used quantitatively (numerical standard) or qualitatively (holistic method). The results obtained for both populations were compared statistically with those published previously for a Spanish population sample, which had been collected using the same methodology. This comparison has enabled us to demonstrate, for the first time, the existence of significant differences between populations in minutiae frequencies, independently from the main pattern type. 相似文献