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Alysha Baker Leanne ten Brinke Stephen Porter 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2013,18(2):300-313
Purpose. There is major disagreement about the existence of individual differences in deception detection or naturally gifted detection ‘wizards’ (see O'Sullivan & Ekman, 2004 vs. Bond & Uysal, 2007 ). This study aimed to elucidate the role of a specific, and seemingly relevant individual difference – emotional intelligence (EI) and its subcomponents – in detecting high‐stakes, emotional deception. Methods. Participants (N= 116) viewed a sample of 20 international videos of individuals emotionally pleading for the safe return of their missing family member, half of whom were responsible for the missing person's disappearance/murder. Participants judged whether the pleas were honest or deceptive, provided confidence ratings, reported the cues they utilized, and rated their emotional response to each plea. Results. EI was associated with overconfidence in assessing the sincerity of the pleas and greater self‐reported sympathetic feelings to deceptive targets (enhanced gullibility). Although total EI was not associated with discrimination of truths and lies, the ability to perceive and express emotion (a component of EI), specifically, was negatively related to detecting deceptive targets (lower sensitivity [d′]). Combined, these patterns contributed negatively to the ability to spot emotional lies. Conclusions. These findings collectively suggest that features of EI, and subsequent decision‐making processes, paradoxically may impair one's ability to detect deceit. 相似文献
204.
John R. Baker Linda L.M. Bennett Stephen E. Bennett Richard S. Flickinger 《The Journal of Legislative Studies》2013,19(2):44-62
This study has two major parts. The first uses survey data to reveal what citizens in Britain, Canada and the United States know about their national legislatures and what factors ‐ including cognitive ability, opportunity, motivation and media exposure ‐ affect that knowledge. We find that US citizens are the least knowledgeable. The second part of the study looks at whether the level of knowledge in each country has any importance for understanding levels of public support for the national legislature. In the United States, the more knowledgeable citizens are less likely to support Congress, in sharp contrast to the tendency of knowledgeable Canadian citizens to be more supportive of their parliament. Knowledge is not a significant predictor of support in the British model. Some implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
205.
Sir John Baker 《The Journal of legal history》2013,34(1):65-90
The history of capital punishment in post-Independence Ireland has received scant scholarly attention. This essay is an attempt to set out what can be learned about the executed persons, the executioners, and the politicians whose inaction (not reforming the law) and actions (deciding against clemency) brought the two former groups together. The death penalty was deployed strategically against IRA members during the early 1940s as part of a package of legal measures designed to crush subversive activity, but more usually its targets were murderers whose acts had no wider ramifications. One notable aspect of the Irish arrangements was that when a prisoner was to be taken to the gallows an English hangman was always contracted to arrange the ‘drop’. Reflecting popular antipathy towards the practice the Irish state was unable to find a willing executioner within its borders. 相似文献
206.
Purpose
Previous studies that have explored the relationship between parenting style and children’s antisocial behavior have generally found significant bidirectional effects, whereby parenting behaviors influence their child’s antisocial outcomes, but a child’s behaviors also lead to changes in parenting style.Methods
The present study investigated the genetic and environmental underpinnings of the longitudinal relationship between negative parent-to-child affect and psychopathic personality in a sample of 1,562 twins. Using a biometrical cross-lag analysis, bidirectional effects were investigated across two waves of assessment when the twins were ages 9-10 and 14-15, utilizing both caregiver and youth self-reports.Results
Results demonstrated that negative parental affect observed at ages 9-10 influenced the child’s later psychopathic personality at ages 14-15, based on both caregiver and youth self-reports. For these ‘parent-driven effects’, both genetic and non-shared environmental factors were important in the development of later psychopathic personality during adolescence. There were additional ‘child-driven effects’ such that children’s psychopathic personality at ages 9-10 influenced negative parent-to-child affect at ages 14-15, but only within caregiver reports.Conclusions
Thus, children’s genetically influenced psychopathic personality seemed to evoke later parental negativity at ages 14-15, highlighting the importance of investigating bidirectional effects in parent-child relationships to understand the development of these traits. 相似文献207.
Baker R Chilton S Donaldson C Jones-Lee M Lancsar E Mason H Metcalf H Pennington M Wildman J 《Health economics, policy, and law》2011,6(4):435-447
Recently, for many health economics researchers, empirical estimation of the monetary valuation of a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) has become an important endeavour. Different philosophical and practical approaches to this have emerged. On the one hand, there is a view that, with health-care budgets set centrally, decision-making bodies within the system can iterate, from observation of a series of previous decisions, towards the value of a QALY, thus searching for such a value. Alternatively, and more consistent with the approach taken in other public sectors, individual members of the public are surveyed with the aim of directly eliciting a preference-based - also known as a willingness-to-pay-based (WTP-based) - value of a QALY. While the former is based on supply-side factors and the latter on demand, both in fact suffer from informational deficiencies. Sole reliance on either would necessitate an acceptance or accommodation of chronic inefficiencies in health-care resource allocation. On the basis of this observation, this paper makes the case that in order to approach optimal decision making in health-care provision, a framework incorporating and thus, to a degree, reconciling these two approaches is to be preferred. 相似文献
208.
This study argues that the eighteenth-century political philosophyof federalism found its roots in covenant theology of earlyReformed Protestantism in Zurich. It contends that there wasa progression covenant or federal thought from the first publishedarticulation of the theological covenant by Bullinger in 1534,through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicideby Philippe Mornay, to Johannes Althusius's political philosophyof federalism, as well as the political theories Thomas Hobbesand John Locke, to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutionof the United States. These different faces or variations offederalism shared several common elements over the 250-yearspan. 相似文献
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Waiter A. Baker 《Canadian public administration. Administration publique du Canada》1980,23(4):542-557
Abstract. At present, the federal government is actively urging its public service managers to do four things: 1/ take firm control of public service activities in seeking ‘value for money’ productivity; 2/ accept responsibility for the timeliness and quality of the services they provide to their special publics; 3/ take positive steps toward upgrading their competence as managers and, within these steps, to develop and display a professional integrity and commitment to managing; and 4/ support moves toward a system of accountable management, built around the concept of up-the-line responsibility. Developing his position from the Friedrich-Finer debate of the early 1940s, the author states there are strong tensions inherent in such a mix of expectations. He further states that the initiatives giving rise to the expectations are confronting a public service inadequately prepared to respond, with the possible consequences of a most adverse effect on public service morale. The paper seeks to help managers cope with the new challenges through clarifying the nature of the initiatives and presenting an approach designed to bring accountability and responsiveness into manageable harmony. Sommaire. En ce moment, le gouvernement fédéral encourage les gestionnaires à faire quatre choses: 1/ exercer un contrôle ferme des activités de la fonction publique afin de stimuler la productivité 2/ accepter la responsabilité de ?à-propos et de la qualité des services offerts à leur clientèle; 3/ prendre les mesures appropriées afin ?améliorer leur compétence comme gestionnaires et, par ces démarches, développer leur intégrité professionnelle et leur engagement comme administrateur; et 4/ appuyer leurs démarches en vue ?un système responsable de gestion, basé sur le concept de la responsabilité. En développant sa façon de voir à partir de débats Friedrich-Finer depuis le début des années 40, ?auteur constate qu'il y a de fortes tensions inhérentes a un tel mélange ?attentes. II constate, de plus, que la fonction publique n'est pas préparée adéquatement à répondre à ces initiatives, une telle situation pouvant susciter des effets néfastes sur le moral de la fonction publique. ?article se propose ?aider les gestionnaires à faire face à ces nouveaux défis en clarifiant la nature des initiatives suggéiées. ?article suggère une approche pouvant faciliter ?harmonie entre responsabilité et flexibilité. 相似文献