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Abstract During the partition period and up to 1918, Polish women's interests and aspirations outside the family were in increasingly frequent cases directed to taking up paid work and resorting to other measures in order to sustain their family. In other cases women's activity was shaped by experiences of resistance to national and sometimes also religious discrimination. In the early twentieth century only small groups of women put forward demands for equality, and even if they did so, they usually thought that this would be possible only after the rebirth of an independent foolish state. It is to this supreme aim that they subordinated their interest and their struggle for equality. 相似文献
264.
Over the past few decades, a gender gap has emerged in the mass public in ideological self-placement. While most men and women
moved in the conservative direction, another segment of women retained their liberal self-identifications. A gender gap also
exists in how men and women define their ideology. Which issues are linked to ideological identities is conditioned by gender
and time period. Finally, ideological identities are structure by nonpolitical values as well as political issues. Religiosity
and religious beliefs have come to increasingly shape Americans’ ideological identities, with some differences across the
two sexes.
相似文献
Clyde WilcoxEmail: |
265.
Barbara Coyle McCabe Richard C. Feiock James C. Clingermayer Christopher Stream 《Public administration review》2008,68(2):380-386
Executive turnover can have profound effects on city policies, programs, and commitments such as contracting or issuing debt. This article identifies how political changes, reflected in the composition of the city council, and economic changes in the community influence city manager turnover. Analysis of manager turnover patterns in 143 large U.S. cities with council-manager governments from 1987 to 1999 allows us to distinguish "push" and "pull" factors that can induce city managers to leave their jobs. The empirical analysis demonstrates that political conflict and economic development can influence the likelihood that a city manager will exit a community, but these effects can be complex. In particular, the influence of community economic development on turnover includes a temporal dimension not revealed in previous research. We conclude by discussing the findings' implications for career patterns in city management. 相似文献
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Barbara Perry 《Critical Criminology》1996,7(1):17-36
Since the entrenchment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canadian courts have been burdened with a disproportionate
number of cases concerned with issues arising from the newly introduced legal rights. However, the transition from the Canadian
crime-control model to the American-style due-process model is far from complete. The rights of the accused are consistently
deemed to be secondary to the aim of reinforcing the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Canadians' legal rights will
in fact remain limited as long as judges continue to decide cases on the basis of harm done to the justice system, rather
than individuals and groups.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a joint session of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association and
the Canadian Law and Society Association, Leamed Societies Conference, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario; June 7, 1993.
I thank attending colleagues for their useful feedback. I am also grateful for the comments of Piers Beime. 相似文献
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Improvement in policy for the management of scientific misconduct has been slow. While assurance of due process at the ORI level is now in place, similar protections at the institutional level and institutional responsibility for further oversight and a workplace where the responsible conduct of research can be practiced have not yet been addressed. In contrast, policy regarding human subject protection has evolved rapidly to reflect firmer norms, with decisive priority given to subject protection over scientific or social needs. Perhaps because scientific misconduct policy has the potential to harm the careers of individual scientists and harms to individual subjects are thought to be indirect, the scientific community has been successful in blocking every move toward testing more rigorous regulation. The mantras that scientists can discipline their own, and the price of competitive science is some level of scientific misconduct are not persuasive. The standards by which science is judged should not be an exception to those governing others who deal with the public's money and have a duty to the public interest. 相似文献