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Although previous work on fiscal federalism and grants has focused on the effects of grants on expenditures, no published research examines the impact of decreasing grants on state financing. This research addresses how decreasing levels of federal grant money to states affect states' long-term debt issuance, and whether the relationship is symmetric for increasing and decreasing grants. The model is tested with time series, cross-sectional data from 1984 to 1999. The results show that grants affect debt issuance, the effect is asymmetric, and direction of the effect differs for different types of debt issuance. 相似文献
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Hafen CA Allen JP Mikami AY Gregory A Hamre B Pianta RC 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2012,41(3):245-255
Student engagement is an important contributor to school success, yet high school students routinely describe themselves as
disengaged. Identifying factors that alter (increase) engagement is a key aspect of improving support for student achievement.
This study investigated students’ perceptions of autonomy, teacher connection, and academic competence as predictors of changes
in student engagement within the classroom from the start to the end of a course. Participants were 578 (58% female) diverse
(67.8% White, 25.2% African American, 5.1% Hispanic, 1.2% Asian American) high school students from 34 classrooms who provided
questionnaire data both at the start and the end of a single course. Novel results from a cross-lagged model demonstrated
that students who perceived their classrooms as allowing and encouraging their own autonomy in the first few weeks increased
their engagement throughout the course, rather than the typical decline in engagement that was demonstrated by students in
other classrooms. This finding is unique in that it extended to both students’ perceptions of engagement and observations
of student engagement, suggesting a fairly robust pattern. The pertinence of this finding to adolescent developmental needs
and its relationship to educational practice is discussed. 相似文献
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Policy implications of climate forecasts for water resources management in the Pacific Northwest 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Columbia River Basin management system suffers from conflicts over water use and allocation, and vulnerability to climate variability that disrupt hydropower, fisheries, irrigation, water supply, and other vital activities. Climate forecasts have the potential to improve water resource management in this system supporting management decisions that decrease its vulnerability to droughts, floods, and other crises related to climate variability. This study shows that despite the potential utility, managers do not use climate forecasts except for background information. The barriers to managers' use of climate forecasts include low forecast skill, lack of interpretation and demonstrated applications, low geographic resolution, inadequate links to climate variability related impacts, and institutional aversion to incorporating new tools into decision making. To realize the potential of climate forecasts for water resources management, we recommend strategies that include technical improvements to the forecast products, and joint efforts between forecast producers and the management community to develop and demonstrate climate forecast applications through reciprocal and iterative education. 相似文献
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Kristina Lovato-Hermann Elinam Dellor Christina C. Tam Susanna Curry Bridget Freisthler 《Journal of public child welfare》2017,11(2):133-149
Among families in the child welfare system, family reunification depends largely upon the services to which families are referred. This study examines whether race/ethnicity influences the number and types of services to which families are referred. Findings suggest that compared to African American families, Hispanic families were more often referred to psychosocial services (e.g., mental health) than basic needs (e.g., housing). These findings indicate a need to reduce service referral disparities between ethnic groups. 相似文献
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Bridget Griffen-Foley 《澳大利亚政治与历史杂志》2000,46(1):51-66
1959 Sir Frank Packer decided to launch Australia's first bid for the America's Cup, the coveted trophy that had remained in the hands of the New York Yacht Club for over a century. Well before the Australian yacht Gretel arrived in Newport in 1962, the syndicate was embroiled in controversy. This article, based on previously overlooked archival records in Sydney and New York, explores the geo-political dimensions of the challenge. It considers the diplomatic fracas that arose when Britain learned of Australia's plans; the Menzies government's attitude to the challenge; Labor and newspaper criticisms of the Australian bid; and American and Australian responses to the vigorous but unsuccessful challenge mounted by Packer and his crew in Newport in 1962. 相似文献