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151.
Alejandro Portes Bryan R. Roberts 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2005,40(1):43-82
We examine the evolution of Latin American cities in the last two decades of the twentieth century and in the first years
of the twenty-first on the basis of comparable data from six countries comprising over 80 percent of the region’s population.
These years correspond to the shift in hegemonic models of development in the region, from import-substitution industrialization
to neoliberal “open markets” adjustment. We examine how the application of the new policies correlates with change patterns
in four areas: urban systems and urban primacy; urban unemployment and informal employment; poverty and inequality; and crime,
victimization, and urban insecurity. We present detailed analyses of each of these topics based on the latest available data
for the six countries. We conclude that significant changes in patterns of urbanization have taken place in the region, reflecting,
in part, the expected and unexpected consequences of the application of the new model of development. Implications of our
findings for each of the four areas examined and for the future of the region are discussed.
Alejandro Portes is department chair and Howard Harrison and Gabrielle Snyder Beck Professor of sociology, and director of
the Center for Migration and Development at Princeton University. His current research focuses on the adaptation process of
second-generation immigrants and the rise of transnational immigrant communities in the United States.
Bryan R. Roberts is professor of sociology and C.B. Smith Chair in US-Mexico Relations at the University of Texas, Austin.
His most recent work explores issues of develorment, globalization, immigration, and social policy in Latin America.
Data on which this paper is based were collected by theLatin American Urbanization at the End of the Twentieth Century project, sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. We thank our collaborators and directors of country teams, without
whom this study would not have been possible: Marcele Cerruti and Alejandro Grimson in Argentina; Licia Valladares, Bianca
Freire-Medeiros, and Filippina Chinelli in Brazil; Guillermo, Wormald, Francisco Sabatini, Yasna Contreras and their collaborators
in Chile; Marina Ariza and Juan Manuel Ramirez in Mexico; Jaime Joseph and the Centro Alternativa research team in Peru; and
Ruben Kaztman, Fernando Filgueira, Alejandro Retamoso and their collaborators in Uruguay. We would also like to thank Carolina
Flores and Lissette Aliaga for their assistance in assembling and analyzing survey data-bases from the six countries. We also
thank anonymous referees of this journal for their comments. Responsibility for the contents is exclusively ours. 相似文献
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156.
Bryan Doyle 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2000,59(2):101-104
The promised productivity gains of enterprise bargaining have yet to be realised by the NSW Police Service and its staff. This failure can be traced to a lack of understanding of workplace reform and productivity. Karpin (1995:3) forecast that improvement in management skills in Australia was required for growth. Enterprise bargaining demands increased productivity. Productivity demands performance management, which involves increased accountability with the establishment of practical performance indicators. As such, productivity and performance management are interrelated and require clear objectives (Directions in Government 1992a:26). 相似文献
157.
Bryan R. Hogeveen 《Critical Criminology》2005,13(3):287-305
After a decade of high incarceration rates, the Canadian Department of Justice has revised its approach to juvenile justice.
Enshrined in the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), the renewed youth justice system stresses the importance and responsibility
of community for crime control. While on the surface the state’s appeals to such programmes as restorative justice seem laudable,
caution should be exercised in fully endorsing this approach. While community initiatives have been criticized for “widening
the net of social control” and intruding state control deeper into social life, their exclusionary potential is perhaps more
troubling. Following Derrida’s metaphysics of presence, I suggest that ‘community’ perpetually finds meaning in opposition
to the other. In this environment, Aboriginal youth, who are among the most marginalized in Canadian society, will likely
be the most unfavourably effected. This paper does not, however, entirely reject the Act’s appeal to community. Nevertheless,
I argue that for meaningful challenges to contemporary constructions of community and youth justice to occur the discursive
limits forced upon ‘community’ must be fractured and fashioned in ways that renounce homogeneity.
We strongly believe the solution to youth crime is in the community. Give the community the ability to deal with it and they
will (Canada 1997). 相似文献
158.
Bryan S. Turner 《Citizenship Studies》1997,1(1):5-18
Societies face two contradictory principles. They are organised around issues of scarcity, which result in exclusionary structures such as gender divisions, social classes and status groups, but they must also secure social solidarity. In social science, these contradictory principles are characteristically referred to as the allocative and integrative requirements. In a secular society, especially where social inequality is intensified by economic rationalism, citizenship functions as a major foundation of social solidarity. The article also explores the scope of citizenship studies through an examination of identity, civic virtue and community. It concludes with an extensive critique of the legacy of T. H. Marshall, pointing to the future of citizenship studies around the theme of globalisation and human rights. 相似文献
159.
Utilizing The Delphi Technique In Policy Discussion: A Case Study Of A Privatized Utility In Britain
A challenge for social policy makers is to explore consensus and dissensus in issues where approaches such as roundtable meetings and focus groups are not feasible or likely to provide accurate information. The Delphi survey technique is a powerful tool for exploring social policy issues not as widely used as it deserves. This article explores Delphi and describes its application to a major and highly contentious public policy issue; how the electricity supply industry should respond to customers in debt. Our experience demonstrates how expertise and opinions of individuals who either would not or could not normally cooperate can be brought together to achieve a consensus, resulting in policy changes that lead to measurable social welfare gains. It illustrates Delphi's strength as a policy tool that recognizes the multiplicity of interests involved in such issues, the value of different kinds of front-line expertise and the desirability of proceeding on the basis of a consensus of informed opinion. 相似文献
160.