20世纪初俄国革命历史编纂学的基本问题

二月革命是俄国民主发展的历史分界线.但半年之后,就发生了十月革命,民主体系瓦解,20世纪俄国和世界历史的发展方向也就此根本改变.俄国第一个共和体制垮台的主要原因是,在等级社会、资格选举体系和群众政党缺失的条件下,建立经典议会制的思想却在革命领导人的意识中占居统治地位.二月革命虽然没有完成,但它的历史意义非常重大:由它宣告的自由主义改革纲领在后苏联时期开始得到实施.二月民主体系破产的经验,对20世纪末宪法危机的解决也产生了影响.在廓清会导致民主改革间断的社会因素时,重要的是要及时地用详细制订的解决冲突的方法与这些因素相抗衡.     

塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党选举成功析论

尽管马列主义在欧洲大陆有各种各样的表现形式,但它是塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党(AKEL) 和其他所有西欧共产党的意识形态包袱.这些党自认为是先锋队,肩负着实现所有生产资料国有化及建立社会主义社会的使命.除了个别值得注意的例外(例如20世纪70年代的意大利共产党和主张欧洲共产主义的其他党),这些党都用他们的主要意识形态来源--苏联--来界定的社会主义.     

携手走向可持续的未来

自1990年以来,欧盟GDP总值增长超过60％,温室气体净排放量却下降了1/4.更多的事实告诉我们,推进气候行动并不意味着回到过去.净排放量下降反而是我们向未来的一次飞跃. 在气候变化与环境领域,中国与欧盟在交流合作、共同进步和引领全球方面具有巨大潜力.     

20世纪国际关系领域的基准时间:历史视角中的三次世界大战

基准时间是宏观历史过程中的临界点,标志着一连串的重大变革可能会在较长时间内延续。基准时间具有九条标准,可以分为一等基准时间、二等基准时间和三等基准时间。20世纪的基准时间主要包括三次世界大战(一战、二战和冷战),第二次世界大战前后发生的变革比第一次世界大战和冷战前后的变革都要来得更为深远。将20世纪的三个基准时间置于两个世纪的视角中加以审视,可以突出现代性革命,这种视角能够观察20世纪的三个基准时间在正在展开的"全球性变革"这一大的主题下是否会相互联接、是如何相互联接的。20世纪国际政治的关键事件,都应该被视为19世纪"全球性变革"所引发的发展态势和挑战的后期结果。     

基于六边形理论的学生领导力发展观

在充满复杂性的时代,关注领导力是有必要的。在以快速变化、高度工业化为特征的第三个千年中,通讯与信息技术时代与数字世界需要能够推进世界革新的领导人。由于教育系统已经将培养政治领导、社会、经济、文化和科技等领域的领导人涵盖其中,而这些领导人将把握社会方向,促进世界发展。因此,学生领导力成为现阶段的重要学科。学生领导力发展六边形理论,内涵丰富,从个人、集体和社会各个角度出发,建立系统性观点,旨在进一步推进学生领导力发展理论。     

Peer Selection and Socialization in Adolescent Depression: The Role of School Transitions

Previous studies have indicated homophily in depressive symptoms among adolescent friends, resulting from both peer selection and socialization processes. However, developmental differences and the role of school transitions in these processes have not been elucidated. A sample of 367 (51% female) adolescents was followed from 6th to 11th grade to investigate prospective relationships between adolescents’ and their friends’ depressive symptoms in middle school and in high school. Results revealed that students selected friends with similar levels of depressive symptoms after each school transition. Additionally, friends appeared to socialize adolescents to become more similar in depressive affect in late middle school years. These findings suggest normative selection effects after school transitions, followed by socialization effects in middle school, but not high school.     

Homophobia and the Transition to Adulthood: A Three Year Panel Study among Belgian Late Adolescents and Young Adults, 2008–2011

Studies on homophobia among adolescents routinely depart from the assumption that this attitude will be continued into adulthood. However, little research has been conducted on how the transition toward adulthood actually affects homophobia. While earlier studies relied on cross-sectional observations, the present analysis makes use of the Belgian Political Panel Survey (2008-2011), tracking 2,815 respondents (52?% female, 48?% male) between the ages of 18 and 21. A conditional change model shows that while men had substantially higher levels of homophobia than women to begin with, this difference grew even larger throughout the observation period. The discrepancy between Muslim respondents and those with other religions became larger as well. Overall, the gender and religious differences already present in adolescence had become further polarized at the end of the observation period. Friendship relations with persons with a different sexual orientation, on the other hand, significantly reduced prejudice, especially among men, while the results also show that changes in the level of homophobia are related strongly to conservative views on gender roles. We conclude that groups that already display high levels of homophobia during adolescence are likely to grow even more extreme in their views in the transition to adulthood.