Violence risk and gang affiliation in youth offenders: a recidivism study

Abstract

Youth gangs are ubiquitous around the world and have been problematic for the social and criminal justice agencies. Despite widespread public concern, there has been relatively scarce empirical scrutiny of youth gangs internationally and little outside of America and Europe. In particular, the activities of youth gangs, the function of gang membership, the criminogenic needs of gang-affiliated youth, and the risk of criminal recidivism for gang-affiliated youth remain unclear. Against this background, this study explored the sociodemographic characteristics, risk and rate of criminal recidivism in a cohort of 165 male youth offenders in Singapore, of which 58 were gang-affiliated. Multivariate analyses revealed that gang-affiliated youth offenders were significantly more likely to have histories of substance use, weapon use and violence than nongang-affiliated youth offenders. Gang-affiliated offenders also scored higher on measures of risk for recidivism (SAVRY and YLS/CMI), and engaged in violent and other criminal behaviors more frequently during follow-up. These differences indicate a significant relationship between gang affiliation and criminal recidivism in youth offenders. Furthermore, these findings have important clinical and policy implications, indicating an increased requirement for additional and more intensive assessment and tailored interventions for gang-affiliated youth offenders.     

运用法医学二代测序技术侦破19年久冷案

基于Y染色体STR(Y-STR)多态性的男性家系排查技术帮助全国各地破获了诸多冷案积案。然而对于出现明显降解的生物检材,或因检出Y-STR基因座数量过少而无法开展有效排查。STRSeqTyperY68男性家系精细化排查试剂盒,定位于二代测序技术,利用Mi Seq FGx二代测序平台可单管实现52个单拷贝Y-STR基因座、6个二拷贝Y-STR基因座、1个三拷贝Y-STR基因座和1个性别判定基因座的分型检测,并能同时支持STR长度和/或序列多态分型,全部基因座扩增子长度在350bp以下,且其中62个不大于300bp,适用于降解检材的检测。本文报道一起长达19年未破的强奸杀人案,用传统STR检测方法仅得到24个Y-STR基因座分型,部分300bp以上的Y-STR片段未检出,但通过二代测序方法使用STRSeqTyperY68试剂盒完整得到了67个Y-STR和1个性别基因座分型,从而帮助办案单位锁定了嫌疑人所在的男性家系,为案件侦破提供了关键技术支撑。     

医务人员的“医患沟通”能力是和谐医患关系中的重要保障

本文分析了医务人员在医患关系中所处的地位,认为构建和谐医患关系的主要力量是医务人员;同时在如何构建和谐医患关系方面,又探讨了“医患沟通”对医患关系改变的重要作用;进而阐述了“医患沟通”的内涵特征,同时指出提高医患沟通能力的注意要点。通过本文的探讨,可以认为提高医务人员医患沟通能力是构建和谐医患关系的重要保障!     

Improved estimation of postmortem interval based on differential behaviour of vitreous potassium and hypoxantine in death by hanging

Many formulae are available to estimate the relation between the potassium ([K+]) and hypoxantine ([Hx]) concentration in the vitreous humour and the postmortem interval (PMI). Typically these have been based on a correlation test and linear regression using the postmortal interval as the independent variable and [K+] or [Hx] as the dependent variable in order to estimate the confidence interval. However, a recent study has shown that a more precise measurement of PMI can be obtained if [K+] is used as the independent variable. The regression lines obtained from the most recent deceased subjects with forensic relevance received for autopsy in the Institute of Legal Medicine are [K+] = 5.589 + 0.174PMI and [Hx] = 26.459 + 3.017PMI, by changing the variables, we obtain PMI=3.967[K+] - 19.186 (R2 = 0.688, P < 0.001) and PMI = 0.172 [Hx] + 0.170 (R2 = 0.518, P < 0.001). In this paper we propose the cause of death as an extra factor which modifies the relationship and gives even greater precision in estimating PMI. In cases of death by hanging the results are considerably improved with [K+] = 5.224 + 0.225PMI and [Hx] = 15.161+4.957PMI, respectively, and consequently, PMI = 3.631[K+] - 17.334 (R2 = 0.818, P< 0.001) and PMI = 0.153[Hx] - 0.368 (R2 = 0.757, P < 0.001): the slope is less and the precision is obviously enhanced.     

最密切联系原则在涉外民事法律适用中的地位

最密切联系原则在各国国际私法立法实践中的地位有所不同。在我国,最密切联系原则在《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》中的适用可分为固化连接点和动态连接点,这二者将法律所有连接点的指向全部包括,因而在该法中的地位高屋建瓴或指称基本原则地位。在明确最密切联系原则在该法中的地位后,法官在适用具体法律条文时,需要自由裁量的,应依照最密切联系度的递减进行选择,而非法院地方便主义。     

传统司法文化对现代法治的冲击及反思——以司法改革为视角

我国传统的司法文化结合了儒家、法家、道家等各派的法律思想,在历史的传承中形成了自身的特点。某种程度上,我国现代法治进程也是对我国传统司法文化批判地继承的过程。我们应深刻认识到,传统司法文化中有着众多阻碍法治进程的内容,对传统司法文化去其糟粕,取其精华,无疑是当前我国司法改革的题中之义。     

关于干部教育培训机构主题教室建设的思考

教室环境是课程实施的重要条件,在干部教育培训机构建设主题教室,是围绕一定教学主题设计的教育环境,通过赋予教室丰富的人文特性,营造出深度体验的学习环境,可以充分发挥环境影响人、在不知不觉中塑人于无形的作用,促进培训效果的提升。干部教育培训机构的主题教室建设,是一种隐性课程建设,对于推动开展研究式教学,探索教学模式创新,提高干部教育培训质量具有重要作用。     

对加强和创新社会管理根源性问题的思考

加强和创新社会管理,是加强社会建设的一个重要课题,它对实现全面建设小康社会宏伟目标、实现党和国家长治久安具有着重大的战略意义。笔者以科学发展观为统领,就加强和创新社会管理中,保持社会的公平正义问题;社会管理支撑体系的建设问题;加强社会管理主体的建设问题,进行了深入的探究并提出一些粗浅的观点。     

以心灵洗礼破解“四大危险”——对落实“七一”讲话精神与开发桂林红色教育资源的思考

胡锦涛总书记在中国共产党建党九十周年“七一”讲话中指出,我们目前面临精神懈怠、能力不足、脱离群众和消极腐败四大危险,创新党的建设,是我们必须着力解决的重大理念和实际问题。桂林的红色教育资源人文底蕴深厚,载体特色鲜明,社会影响深远,具有“独特的心灵洗礼体验”功能。开发红色教育资源,有利于创新党的建设,对破解“四大危险”有重要价值。     

区域警务协作论

为贯彻落实公安部党委关于建立区域警务协作机制的部署要求,多个地区先后建立并启动了区域警务协作机制。区域警务协作是以情报信息资源共享协作、执法协作、理论调研工作交流协作为主要内容的不同行政管辖区域的公安机关之间沟通和交流信息以及协同行动的一种横向联合方式。区域警务协作可以实现警力的无增长改善,加强对社会面的有效控制,促进...