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731.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points. . . [Full Text of this Article]
1. Sector coverage
2. Allocation
3. Treatment of new entrants
4. Installation closure
5. Auctioning
6. Trading
7. The Kyoto Protocol
8. Linking to the Kyoto Mechanisms
9. Buying from clean development and joint implementation projects
CDM projects JI projects
10. The primary market
11. The secondary market
12. Existing documentation for trading EUAs
13. Deliverability issues for Kyoto Credits
14. Eligibility requirements for emissions trading
15. The International Transaction Log
16. Commitment period reserves
17. The impact on secondary trading documentation
18. The voluntary market for CERs
19. The future for emissions trading
相似文献
- The EU ETS will undergo a number of changes consequentupon the commencement of the first Kyoto Commitment Period on1 January 2008.
- This article considers the existing EU ETSframework and also the key developments that are anticipatedin the European emissions market for 2008–2012.
- A secondarymarket for trading EUAs has already developed and this market,together with the standard-form documentation used, is discussed.
- Inconclusion, the article questions the future of emissions tradingin Europe—particularly after the current Kyoto targetsexpire in 2012.
732.
Catherine M. Sabiston Chris Y. Lovato Rashid Ahmed Allison W. Pullman Valerie Hadd H. Sharon Campbell Candace Nykiforuk K. Stephen Brown 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(10):1374-1387
The purpose of this study was to explore individual- and school-level policy characteristics on student smoking behavior using
an ecological perspective. Participants were 24,213 (51% female) Grade 10–11 students from 81 schools in five Canadian provinces.
Data were collected using student self-report surveys, written policies collected from schools, interviews with school administrators,
and school property observations to assess multiple dimensions of the school tobacco policy. The multi-level modeling results
revealed that the school a student attended was associated with his/her smoking behavior. Individual-level variables that
were associated with student smoking included lower school connectedness, a greater number of family and friends who smoked,
higher perceptions of student smoking prevalence, lower perceptions of student smoking frequency, and stronger perceptions
of the school tobacco context. School-level variables associated with student smoking included weaker policy intention indicating
prohibition and assistance to overcome tobacco addiction, weaker policy implementation involving strategies for enforcement,
and a higher number of students smoking on school property. These findings suggest that the school environment is important
to tobacco control strategies, and that various policy dimensions have unique relationships to student smoking. School tobacco
policies should be part of a comprehensive approach to adolescent tobacco use. 相似文献
733.
Chris Alden 《国际展望》2009,(2)
The world has seen a relative power shift from the North to the South.The leading emerging states like China have taken up an increasingly commanding role in global economic affairs in response to the trauma experienced by Western industrialized states.Over the last decade and a half emerging powers have made significant inroads into previously the"bastion"of Western political and economic dominance,resulting in a diversifying external actors involved in African economy with much of this interaction bein... 相似文献
734.
735.
This article examines the politics of place in relation to legal mobilization by the anti-nuclear movement. It examines two case examples – citizens' weapons inspections and civil disobedience strategies – which have involved the movement drawing upon the law in particular spatial contexts. The article begins by examining a number of factors which have been employed in recent social movement literature to explain strategy choice, including ideology, resources, political and legal opportunity, and framing. It then proceeds to argue that the issues of scale, space, and place play an important role in relation to framing by the movement in the two case examples. Both can be seen to involve scalar reframing, with the movement attempting to resist localizing tendencies and to replace them with a global frame. Both also involve an attempt to reframe the issue of nuclear weapons away from the contested frame of the past (unilateral disarmament) towards the more universal and widely accepted frame of international law. 相似文献
736.
Michael Colella M.Sc. Andrew Parkinson B.Sc. Tegan Evans B.Sc. Chris Lennard Ph.D. Claude Roux Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(3):583-590
Abstract: Continual reports of illicit trafficking incidents involving radioactive materials have prompted authorities to consider the likelihood of forensic evidence being exposed to radiation. In this study, we investigated the ability to recover latent fingermark evidence from a variety of substrates that were exposed to ionizing radiation. Fingermarks deposited on common surfaces, including aluminum, glass, office paper, and plastic, were exposed to doses ranging from 1 to 1000 kGy, in an effort to simulate realistic situations where evidence is exposed to significant doses of radiation from sources used in a criminal act. The fingermarks were processed using routine fingermark detection techniques. With the exception of glass and aluminum substrates, radiolysis had a considerable effect on the quality of the developed fingermarks. The damage to ridge characteristics can, in part, be attributed to chemical interactions between the substrate and the components of the fingermark secretions that react with the detection reagents. 相似文献
737.
Wesley G. Jennings Chris Gibson Lonn Lanza-Kaduce 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2009,34(3-4):198-212
Over the past several decades, the juvenile justice system has struggled with an effective response to status offenders and their unwanted behaviors. Three divergent rationales have emerged for handling these youth: (1) treatment, (2) deterrence, and (3) normalization. Using data from over 300 youth under supervision by agencies in three states, the current study assesses how these differing practices are related to youths’ self-concepts. Results provide support for both deterrence and normalization-based rationales over the historical treatment-based rationale. Viewing status offending as normal adolescent behavior (i.e., normalization) has the most beneficial effect on self-concept. Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
738.
Chris Bevan 《The Modern law review》2019,82(5):897-921
The Homes (Fit for Human Habitation) Act 2018 became law in December 2018 and entered into force on 20 March 2019. This article examines the key provisions of this significant piece of housing legislation which has the potential to transform the lives of those renting homes in both the private and social sectors in England. The 2018 Act, through amendment to the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, introduces a new obligation on landlords to ensure their residential properties are fit for human habitation and, for the first time in this jurisdiction, endows tenants with new civil rights to directly enforce this implied covenant against failing landlords. This article identifies the key deficiencies within the current legal framework around fitness for human habitation and explores how far the 2018 Act meets these challenges; set against the febrile backdrop of an acute housing crisis and the Grenfell Tower tragedy. 相似文献
739.
Leandra Parris Kris Varjas Joel Meyers Chris Henrich Jane Brack 《Journal of school violence》2019,18(1):62-76
Student responses to bullying have an effect on subsequent outcomes. Dichotomous theories of coping suggest that self-reliance plays a role in responding to stress. In order to investigate the multidimensional nature of coping with bullying, the authors developed the Coping with Bullying Scale for Children. The current study also examined the relationships between bullying experiences (i.e., victimization and perpetration) and coping with bullying, with self-reliance as a potential moderator. Participants who reported higher rates of victimization or engagement in bullying reported greater use of cognitive distancing, externalizing, and self-blame strategies. Victimization was associated with higher reported rates of constructive coping. Self-reliance moderated the relationship between cognitive distancing and both types of bullying involvement. Self-reliance also moderated the relationship between self-blame and bullying perpetration. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are included. 相似文献
740.
ABSTRACTThis article introduces the special issue of the Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law on contact disputes and allegations of domestic abuse. It first describes the aims and findings of the International Symposium on Contact Disputes and Allegations of Domestic Violence – Identifying Best Practices at which the papers in the special issue were originally presented. It then outlines the position in England and Wales regarding allegations of domestic abuse in child arrangements cases, highlighting the difference between the ‘law in the books’ and the ‘law in action’. Thirdly, it discusses the research evidence on another prominent international approach to domestic abuse allegations – legislative presumptions against custody or unsupervised visitation/contact for abusive parents. The experience of presumptions in the USA and New Zealand suggests that a similar gap between ‘law in the books’ and ‘law in action’ exists, together with potential problems of legislative drafting. Finally, the article outlines the contributions of the other papers in the special issue to our understanding of international approaches to ensuring safety for children and resident parents in family proceedings where allegations of domestic abuse are raised. 相似文献