Maklerprovision – kein wirtschaftlich gleichwertiges Geschäft bei Kauf einer Eigentumswohnung anstelle des Kaufs der gesamten Liegenschaft

In der Beurteilung des Kaufs eines Liegenschaftsanteils verbunden mit WE zum Preis von 340.000 € als ein ein dem Kauf der gesamten Liegenschaft zum Preis von 1 Mio € wirtschaftlich nicht gleichwertiges Gesch?ft iSd § 6 Abs 3 MaklerG liegt keine unvertretbare Fehlbeurteilung.     

Wettbewerbsversto? durch irreführende Ankündigung eines Immobilienmaklers

Kündigt ein Immobilienmakler blickfangartig die "Vertragsabwicklung" als Teil der eigenen Leistung bei Immobiliengesch?ften an, so versteht ein Durchschnittsverbraucher darunter auch die Errichtung des grundbuchsf?higen Vertrags. Er wird daher annehmen, dass der Makler auch diese Leistung anbietet, und ihm daher m?glicherweise den Vorzug vor anderen Immobilienmaklern geben, die sich auf die Vermittlung im engeren Sinn beschr?nken. Erbringt die Maklergesellschaft diese und weitere Leistungen (etwa das Verfassen von Grundbuchseingaben und die Treuhandabwicklung von Vertr?gen) nicht selbst, sondern vermittelt sie dafür blo? einen (an ihr beteiligten) Rechtsanwalt, liegt in der nicht weiter eingeschr?nkten Ankündigung der "Vertragsabwicklung" jedenfalls eine irreführende Gesch?ftspraktik iSv § 1 Abs 3 Z 2 iVm § 2 UWG.     

Besprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Mechanismen der Europäisierung: nationale Regulierungsmuster und europäische Integration

Der Schwerpunkt bisheriger Europaforschung konzentriert sich auf die Frage, in welchem Ausmass nationale Bedingungen den Aufbau von Institutionen und die politische Entscheidungsfindung auf der europäischen Ebene beeinflussen. Die Auswirkungen der europäischen Integration auf die Politikgestaltung und institutionelle Strukturen in den Mitgliedstaaten sind hingegen nur wenig erforscht worden. Erst seit kurzem gibt es eine zunehmende Anzahl von Analysen, die sich explizit mit der Europäisierung von nationalen Institutionen beschäftigen. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Frage, in welchem Ausmass die Implementation europäischer Policies mit Veränderungen in bestehenden Regulierungsmustern auf nationaler Ebene einhergeht. Der Beitrag identifiziert drei Mechanismen, um die Wirkungsweise europäischer Policies auf nationale Regulierungsmuster zu charakterisieren. Europäische Politik kann ein konkretes institutionelles Modell für die nationale Umsetzung vorschreiben; sie kann sich auf die Beeinflussung nationaler Opportunity Structures beschränken; oder sie kann primär über die Veränderung nationaler Ideen und Überzeugungen (Framing) wirken.     

The New UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: A Counterbalance to the WTO?

On 20 October 2005, the 33rd UNESCO General Conference adoptedby a majority of 148 votes to two the Convention on the Protectionand Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (CCD).The major objectives of the CCD are the recognition of the dualnature of cultural expressions as objects of trade and artefactsof cultural value and the recognition of the sovereign rightof governments to formulate and implement cultural policiesand measures for the protection and promotion of cultural diversity.The ambitious role assigned to the CCD by its proponents isto fill an existing lacuna for cultural objectives in publicinternational law and to serve as a cultural counterbalanceto the World Trade Organization (WTO) in future conflicts betweentrade and culture. Opponents, however, have criticized the CCDas an instrument of disguised protectionism and claimed thatit violates freedom of expression and information. This articleendeavours to explain how cultural diversity has become an issueof international law and provides a critical assessment of thestrengths and weaknesses of the CCD. It explores in particularthe possible linkages between the CCD and the WTO.     

Cerebral hypoxia and ischemia: the forensic point of view: a review

In cases with suspected brain anoxia/ischemia and hypoxia/hypoxemia a neuropathological investigation should give additional information to elucidate the cause of death and its pathophysiological mechanisms. Primary ischemic brain damage is associated with morphological and biochemical alterations. While acute ischemic neuronal injury reveals axon sparing and selective neuronal lesions due to the release of large quantities of glutamate, late neuronal death is associated with antiapoptotic growth factors, and decreased expression of microtubule-associated proteins and tubulin. On the morphological level ischemia can be detected by necrosis of neurons, proliferation of microglia, and astrocytes in vulnerable regions of the brain. In cases of permanent ischemia the so-called pale nervous cell injury is observed, in cases of partial perfusion the so-called dark nerve cell injury and apoptosis are detectable. In spite of the considerable advantages of recent research, presently there is no reliable qualitative marker to ascertain death due to acute hypoxic or ischemic events.     

The Nuremberg Trial and its Impact on Germany

The impact of the Nuremberg trial on Germany has changed overtime. It is not only a question of evolving legal debate, butalso a correlation of historical, political and moral developments.The author considers the reception of the International MilitaryTribunal (IMT) trial during the Cold War. West Germany rejectedNuremberg's historic precedent, principally on the grounds thatthe Allies had enforced victors’ justice, and that theTribunal had applied ex post facto law by violating the nullumcrimen principle. Meanwhile, East Germany seemingly took upthe cause of Nuremberg by prosecuting minor Nazi perpetrators.However, this affirmation was politically motivated, and itled to inhumane abuses of power, exemplified by the Waldheimtrials. The reunification of Germany marked the beginning ofa positive approach to the Nuremberg legacy: the new generationof judges, politicians and academics was increasingly sympatheticto international criminal justice, and adopted the Nurembergprecedent by dealing judicially with crimes committed in theEast during the Cold War. The study goes on to deal with therelevance of West German legal critique for modern internationalcriminal law. The author suggests that a distinction shouldbe made between true victims of international crimes and thosewho wish to revise history by portraying themselves as such,as many West Germans did after World War II. Moreover, the ‘victors’justice’ argument must not be used to conceal the factthat justice has indeed been administered. However, the criticismof the IMT's violation of the nullum crimen principle is firmlygrounded in the German, as opposed to Anglo-American, legaltradition.     

New horizons in forensic radiology: the 60-second digital autopsy-full-body examination of a gunshot victim by multislice computed tomography

The goal of this study was the full-body documentation of a gunshot wound victim with multislice helical computed tomography for subsequent comparison with the findings of the standard forensic autopsy. Complete volume data of the head, neck, and trunk were acquired by use of two acquisitions of less than 1 minute of total scanning time. Subsequent two-dimensional multiplanar reformations and three-dimensional shaded surface display reconstructions helped document the gunshot-created skull fractures and brain injuries, including the wound track, and the intracerebral bone fragments. Computed tomography also demonstrated intracardiac air embolism and pulmonary aspiration of blood resulting from bullet wound-related trauma. The "digital autopsy," even when postprocessing time was added, was more rapid than the classic forensic autopsy and, based on the nondestructive approach, offered certain advantages in comparison with the forensic autopsy.     

Private Actors and the State: Internationalization and Changing Patterns of Governance

This article investigates the implications of political and economic internationalization on patterns of governance from a statecentric perspective. The actual patterns of governance in internationalized environments can be related to the respective governance capacity of public and private actors, which hinges in turn on the strategic constellation underlying the provision of a public good. The specific strategic constellation varies in three dimensions: the congruence between the scope of the underlying problem and the organizational structures of the related actors, the type of problem, and the institutional context, all of which involve a number of factors. With this concept in mind, we identify four ideal-typed patterns of governance, enabled by different configurations of public and private capacities to formally or factually influence in various ways the social, economic, and political processes by which certain goods are provided.     

Political stability and fiscal policy: time series evidence for the Swiss federal level since 1849

This paper explores the role of political stability on fiscal policy in a time-series analysis over 158 years at the Swiss federal level. We argue that the fiscal commons problem of public finances is affected by the number of years a finance minister remains in office, because the incentives for an incumbent to maintain a good reputation with sound policy decisions are stronger. A finance minister who succeeds to stay a long time in office enjoys a politically powerful position towards the administration, parliament and interest groups. In contrast, frequent government turnover weakens the position of the finance minister.