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211.
212.
Innovating upon previous field experiments and theories of identity‐based discrimination, we test whether public officials are using searches (“identity‐questing”) to profile citizens and acting on latent biases. Pairs of “institutional” and “noninstitutional” requesters send lower and moderate burden freedom of information (FOI) requests—providing no identity cues apart from undistinctive names, e‐mails, and ID numbers—to nearly 700 of Brazil's largest municipalities. Results show institutional requesters receive one‐fifth more responses than noninstitutional comparators. For moderate versus lower burden requests, noninstitutional requesters are 11% less likely to receive a compliant response than their institutional comparators. The only plausible explanation for these results is identity‐questing, a phenomenon that has far‐reaching policy implications. Most of the world's FOI laws, for example, contain vague ID obligations, which translate incoherently from laws to regulation and practice. Results enjoin public service providers to protect the identities of citizens by default or upon request. 相似文献
213.
William F. S. Miles 《Human Rights Review》2009,10(4):505-519
It is understandable that Iran’s December 2006 hosting of an international conference casting doubts on the historicity of
the Holocaust would raise questions about treatments of the Shoah elsewhere in the Third World. In fact, indigenization the
Holocaust—the manifold ways in which serious scholars, activists, and writers from Asia, Africa, and Latin America have come
to incorporate the Holocaust in their intellectual work—has been positive overall. Within the framework of intellectual globalization,
much of the Third World intelligentsia has come to include this most Western of human rights violations within the framework
of their own cultures and histories. Although some of the indigenization of the Holocaust is political and instrumental, the
deviant variant expressed at the Tehran Holocaust conference is atypical. Governmental respect for the memory of victims of
genocide should be considered as an emerging human right. 相似文献
214.
Christopher C. Weiss Brian V. Carolan E. Christine Baker-Smith 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(2):163-176
In an effort to increase both adolescents’ engagement with school and academic achievement, school districts across the United
States have created small high schools. However, despite the widespread adoption of size reduction reforms, relatively little
is known about the relationship between size, engagement and outcomes in high school. In response, this article employs a
composite measure of engagement that combines organizational, sociological, and psychological theories. We use this composite
measure with the most recent nationally-representative dataset of tenth graders, Educational Longitudinal Study: 2002, (N = 10,946, 46% female) to better assess a generalizable relationship among school engagement, mathematics achievement and
school size with specific focus on cohort size. Findings confirm these measures to be highly related to student engagement.
Furthermore, results derived from multilevel regression analysis indicate that, as with school size, moderately sized cohorts
or grade-level groups provide the greatest engagement advantage for all students and that there are potentially harmful changes
when cohorts grow beyond 400 students. However, it is important to note that each group size affects different students differently,
eliminating the ability to prescribe an ideal cohort or school size. 相似文献
215.
James J. Mazza Charles B. Fleming Robert D. Abbott Kevin P. Haggerty Richard F. Catalano 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(6):579-593
Few studies have examined risk factors of childhood and early adolescent depressive symptomatology trajectories. This study
examined self-report depressive symptomatology across a 6-year time period from 2nd to 8th grade to identify latent groups
of individuals with similar patterns of depressive phenomena in a sample of 951 children (440 girls, 511 boys). Analyses,
using semiparametric group modeling (SGM), identified 5 trajectory groups for girls and boys: low depressed stables, low depressed
risers, mildly depressed stables, moderately depressed changers, and moderately depressed risers. Individual risk factors,
with the exception of shy/withdrawn behavior, were significantly different across trajectory group membership for boys and
girls, as was low-income status for boys. Boys in the low depressed and mildly depressed stable trajectory groups had significantly
higher levels of antisocial behavior, attention problems, and lower social competency compared to girls in similar groups.
These results suggest that universal prevention programs implemented in early elementary school that target selected risk
factors may be helpful in reducing future adolescent mental health problems, specifically depressive symptomatology. 相似文献
216.
Nicole E. Werner Matthew F. Bumpus Daquarii Rock 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(6):607-619
The current study examined concurrent and longitudinal predictors of early adolescents’ involvement in Internet aggression.
Cross-sectional results (N = 330; 57% female) showed that the likelihood of reporting Internet aggression was higher among youth who spent more time
using Internet-based technologies to communicate with friends and who were themselves targets of Internet aggression. Offline
relational aggression and beliefs supportive of relational and physical aggression also predicted concurrent involvement in
Internet aggression. We used longitudinal data (N = 150; 51% female) to distinguish between youth who were aggressive in traditional contexts only (i.e., school) from those
who were aggressive both online and offline. These results indicated that youth who were aggressive both online and offline
were older at the initial assessment, were targets of Internet aggression, and held beliefs more supportive of relational
aggression than youth who were aggressive offline only. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
217.
Steinunn Gestsdottir Edmond Bowers Alexander von Eye Christopher M. Napolitano Richard M. Lerner 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(7):764-782
Intentional self regulation describes how people make choices, plan actions to reach their goals, and regulate the execution
of their actions, making processes of intentional self regulation central to healthy human functioning. Prior research has
confirmed the presence of three processes of intentional self regulation—elective selection (ES), optimization (O), and compensation
(C)—in middle adolescence (Grades 8 through 10) and concurrent and predictive relationships with measures of Positive Youth
Development (PYD). A fourth process, loss-based selection (LBS), should also develop by the end of middle adolescence. The
present study used data from the 4-H Study of PYD to confirm the presence of a four-scale structure of intentional self regulation
(ES, O, C, and LBS) in a sample of 2,357 racially diverse Grade 10 youth (63% female) and examine its covariation with indicators
of positive and problematic development. Results supported the identification of a four-part structure of intentional self
regulation, and scores covaried positively with indicators of PYD and negatively with substance use, delinquency, and depressive
symptoms. Implications of the findings for the understanding of self-regulatory actions in adolescence and for future research
are discussed. 相似文献
218.
William F. West Eric Lindquist Katrina N. Mosher-Howe 《Public administration review》2009,69(3):435-447
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration instituted a Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution System (PPBES) in 2002. As supplemented by matrix management, PPBES was appealing as an effort to rationalize the performance of an agency with an especially high degree of functional overlap among its component parts. Although PPBES has had some salutary effects, the agency's experience to date consistent with accounts of the difficulties that led to the abandonment of program budgeting by the civilian bureaucracy almost 40 years ago. As such, it speaks to the limits of performance assessment as a means of reallocating resources and responsibilities across organizational boundaries. 相似文献
219.
Wen‐Jui Han Christopher Ruhm Jane Waldfogel 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2009,28(1):29-54
We describe trends in maternal employment and leave‐taking after birth of a newborn and analyze the extent to which these behaviors are influenced by parental leave policies. Data are from the June Current Population Survey (CPS) Fertility Supplements, merged with other months of the CPS, and cover the period 1987 to 1994. This time span is one during which parental leave legislation expanded at both the state and federal level. We also provide the first comprehensive examination of employment and leave‐taking by fathers of infants. Our main finding is that leave expansions are associated with increased leave‐taking by both mothers and fathers. The magnitudes of the changes are small in absolute terms but large relative to the baseline for men and much greater for college‐educated or married mothers than for their less‐educated or single counterparts. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management 相似文献
220.
In contemporary Russia and Ukraine, Pentecostalism carries with it commitments to civic engagement and democracy, strong bonds
of social capital, and the embracing of an entrepreneurial spirit. In this article, the authors analyze the origins of Pentecostalism
in Russia, Soviet methods of repression, and Pentecostal survival strategies. Continuing, the authors examine the political
efficacy of Pentecostals, their civic commitments, their embracing of the free market, and the strength and nature of social
capital among them. While the authors conclude that it is too soon to conclude that Pentecostalism will bring about democracy,
civil society, and free markets in Russia and Ukraine, they argue that Pentecostalism is proving itself a popular choice in
the contemporary religious marketplace and that choice is not without significant civic, economic, and political consequences. 相似文献