从eBay案看美国专利保护趋势——兼论我国专利“停止侵权”责任方式

2006年,5月15日,美国联邦最高法院(以下简称“美国最高法院”)9名大法官全体无异议地做出终审判决,废弃了美国联邦巡回上诉法院(Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit,以下简称CAFC)就MercExchange诉eBay专利侵权案的二审判决,将该案发回重审。此前,美国弗吉尼亚东区联邦地方法院(US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia,以下简称“地方法院”)拒绝就eBay专利侵权发布永久性禁令(Permanent Injunction),而CAFC推翻了地方法院的这一决定。     

24个Y-STR基因座在云南苗族人群中的序列多态性

目的研究法医学常用Y-STR基因座在中国云南苗族男性个体中的序列多态性。方法采用M48磁珠提取纯化试剂盒提取样本DNA,使用ForenSeqTM DNA Signature Prep试剂盒制备文库,Miseq FGx平台进行测序,ForenSeq Universal Analysis v1.2.1软件进行数据分析,用Arlequin v3.5软件计算各Y-STR基因座相关的统计学参数,将Y-STR基因座长度多态性与序列多态性进行比较。结果108名云南苗族个体中共检出106种单倍型,总体单倍型多样性(HD)和Y-STR分型系统的分辨能力(DC)分别为0.9993和0.9815。24个Y-STR基因座共检出204个基因,基因多样性(gene diversity,GD)值为0.2177~0.9481,15个Y-STR基因座的GD值大于0.6。DYF387S1、DYS390、DYS389II、DYS437、DYS438、DYS448、DYS612基因座存在长度相同的基因核心序列不同的情况。结论该24个Y-STR基因座在云南苗族男性人群中具有丰富的遗传多态性。研究结果可为Y-STR数据库的建立、群体遗传学和法医学实践提供参考。     

Appendix A: The DPRK's Debts

The global value chain concept has become one of the most influential frameworks used in the study of globalization. The paradigm, however, is deficient in explicating the exploitative nature of global value chain governance. Based on a study of soccer ball production in China and Pakistan, this article analyzes global production from three perspectives: the role of the state in shaping the host countries' mode of production and legal framework, the issue of how surplus value is created and distributed, and the use of child labor or prison labor to remain competitive in the chain. The article shows, in the case of Pakistan, how a country using a lower-labor-costs strategy to retain a place in a global value chain allows its workers to be exploited and pauperizes its people.     

The political pragmatism of Chinese university students: 10 years after the 1989 movement

This study investigates the political orientation of Chinese university students after the 1989 movement. By drawing on survey data, it aims to judge whether there is a persistence or discontinuity in the students’ political orientation. It is found that students’ political beliefs remained the same before and after 1989 but their involvement in politics has changed to a pragmatic approach. The impact of the 1989 movement and the opportunity structure available on campus in the 1990s has contributed to the political pragmatism of university students. The relationship between economic activism and political pragmatism among the student population is also explored in this study.     

一株猪源1型呼肠孤病毒的分离及鉴定

为了研究猪呼肠孤病毒的分子生物学特性,通过在细胞培养液中添加胰酶的方法,从仔猪腹泻粪样中分离、纯化并鉴定了1株能在Vero细胞上稳定产生细胞病变,以细胞颗粒增多、肿胀、漂落等细胞病变为主要特征的猪源1型呼肠孤病毒SHR-A株。根据呼肠孤病毒的理化特性,对病毒进行初步纯化,然后进行电镜观察、核酸提取、RNA电泳、RT-PCR、各病毒基因扩增和克隆测序等常规病毒学鉴定。SHR-A株S1基因的同源性分析和核苷酸系统发育进化树分析表明,该病毒与哺乳动物呼肠孤病毒血清1型的同源性较高,而与血清2型和3型的同源性较低,因此初步判断该SHR-A株为血清1型,为国内首次报道从猪体内分离到血清1型的呼肠孤病毒。进一步分析发现,SHR-A的S1基因全长为1 465bp,其3′-UTR为3型,其余部分则为1型,说明其S1基因是1型和3型的嵌合体,此结果表明,哺乳动物呼肠孤病毒作为RNA病毒,基因重组可能是其除基因突变和基因重排以外的第3种病毒变异进化的重要方式。     

Juvenile and Adult Offenders Arrested for Sexual Homicide: An Analysis of Victim–Offender Relationship and Weapon Used by Race*

Abstract: Limited information is available on racial offending patterns of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs). This study used a 30‐year U.S. Supplementary Homicide Reports sample of SHOs arrested in single‐victim situations (N = 3745). The analysis strength was used to determine whether the findings yielded meaningful patterns for offender profiling. Several important findings emerged for the juvenile offenders. Juvenile White SHOs were likely to target victims with whom they shared a mutual relationship. In contrast, Black juveniles were equally likely to murder strangers and those with whom they had prior and familial relationships. Notably, no juvenile Black SHOs were arrested for murdering intimate partners. Juvenile White SHOs were twice as likely to use edged weapons as their Black counterparts. Black juveniles, conversely, were more likely than White juveniles to use personal weapons. Beyond these findings, known victim–offender relationships and weapon used may not have significant utility for investigators in identifying the SHO race, even after controlling for offender age. Limitations and future directions are discussed.