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61.
62.
Clara H. Greed 《Women's studies international forum》1995,18(5-6)
This article investigates the problem of the inadequate and unequal nature of public toilet provision in Britain, where men are required under current statutory to be provided with almost twice more provision than women. The cultural and urological attitudes which legitimate this situation are investigated with reference to medical, sociological, town planning, building, and plumbing literature. It is found that “women's toilets” are a topic which does not quite fit into the jurisdiction of either medical or municipal authorities, although the issue should be seen as a key component of any preventative, public health programme, as was the case in Victorian and Edwardian times. But the need for better facilities is generally not taken seriously by the predominantly male committees who set provision standards. Recommendations are made for the amelioration of the situation by means of introducing mandatory enlightened standards operated through zoning compliance procedures within the town planning system. 相似文献
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64.
Clara S. Lewis 《Critical Criminology》2012,20(3):275-292
This article extends critical scholarship on the problem of hate crimes in the U.S. into the field of cultural criminology. Highlighting the role cultural production plays in reinforcing identity-based social harms, this study analyzes the cultural construction of the figure of the white hate crimes perpetrator, or “the hater.” The article integrates findings from a comprehensive discourse analysis of major U.S. news sources from 1986 to 2010 with insights from the fields of whiteness studies and critical criminology. The study first finds that the figure of the hater embodies modern day bigotry through terse stereotypes about white poverty, masculinity, hate group membership, and criminality. It then argues that these widely distributed discursive performances create rhetorical opportunities to define bigotry as an individualized problem with law enforcement remedies and to further normalize extreme hate crimes cases. Ultimately, a new theoretical construct, “post-difference ideology,” is mobilized to challenge the hater’s prescribed role as folk devil. 相似文献
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66.
Clara Portela 《Cambridge Review of International Affairs》2016,29(3):912-929
The emergence of targeted sanctions in the mid-1990s was due to the humanitarian impact of embargoes, which were deemed unacceptable and compelled senders to shift to measures designed to affect only wrongdoers. Twenty years on, the present paper considers the extent to which autonomous sanctions are designed to affect those individuals and elites responsible for the behaviour the EU aims to condemn. How faithful has the EU remained to this concept in its sanctions policy? The enquiry scrutinizes diverse practices in three established sanctions strands of the EU, development aid suspensions, Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) sanctions and Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP) withdrawals. It shows that it has been more faithfully implemented in some strands of EU sanctions than in others. Specifically in the flagship CFSP sanctions practice, the due process motivated court challenges of its blacklists have led the EU to modify selection criteria in a way that renders them potentially less targeted. 相似文献
67.
Clara Chapdelaine-Feliciati 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2010,23(4):451-474
Cet article porte sur le débat terminologique soulevé par la dénomination fran?aise droits de l’homme employée dans la majorité des pays de la francophonie, notamment en France, ainsi que dans la version fran?aise des documents
onusiens. Son objet est de déconstruire cette dénomination traditionnelle en répondant aux arguments invoqués par la Commission
nationale consultative fran?aise en 1998. Dans un premier temps, notre article étudie l’argument historique fondé sur l’héritage
des Lumières présent dans la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen de 1789. Dans un deuxième temps, il se penche
sur l’argument linguistique et procède à un examen de la langue et de la grammaire fran?aises. Dans un troisième temps, notre
article analyse les conséquences concrètes de cette désignation dans la mise en œuvre des droits de l’homme de la femme à l’échelle internationale. Enfin, notre article propose d’abandonner la dénomination traditionnelle au profit
des expressions “droits humains” ou “droits de la personne”, à l’instar des autres langues officielles des Nations Unies afin
de consacrer sur les plans conceptuel, normatif et juridique les droits universels de l’homme et de la femme en langue fran?aise. 相似文献
68.
Latent Fingermark Aging Patterns (Part III): Discontinuity Index as One Indicator of Degradation
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Josep De Alcaraz‐Fossoul Ph.D. Carme Barrot Feixat Ph.D. Clara Carreras‐Marin M.Sc. Jack Tasker B.Sc. Sara C. Zapico Ph.D. Manel Gené Badia Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(5):1180-1187
This article is the third in a series of reports exploring quantifiable visual parameters of the aging process of latent fingermarks. On this occasion, research is focused on the occurrence of ridge discontinuities (i.e. breakages) as a function of time. Experiment variables included type of secretion (eccrine and sebaceous), substrate (glass and plastic), and exposure to natural light (dark, shade, and direct light) over a 6 months period. Fingermarks were sequentially visualized with titanium dioxide powder, photographed, and the number of naturally occurring ridge discontinuities subsequently evaluated. A semi‐quantitative value, named Discontinuity Index, was used to better characterize this aging parameter. Results indicated that ridges of sebaceous depositions on glass were generally less affected by the environmental conditions compared with those on plastic surface. In addition, aging in darkness was not always the best condition for preservation, and the direct exposure to light seemed not to affect the degradation under certain conditions. 相似文献
69.
Martin Killias Gwladys Gilliéron Françoise Villard Clara Poglia 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2010,6(2):115-130
Since the 19th century, short custodial sentences were said to foster re-offending through alienating inmates from families
and work. The present study is one of the few randomized controlled trials comparing short custodial sentences with community
service orders. Between 1993 and 1995, 123 subjects were randomly assigned to community service or immediate custody (of a
maximum of 14 days) in the Lake of Geneva area (Switzerland). The present study updates results published earlier on a follow-up
period of 2 years by considering re-convictions and social integration over 11 years. Although statistically not significant,
re-offending was tentatively more common among ex-prisoners in the long run. Eleven years later, ex-prisoners were better
off, complied better with tax regulations, and did not fare worse regarding employment history or marital status. In line
with recent systematic reviews, the results do not confirm the wide-spread assumption that short custodial sanctions are harmful
when compared to community service. 相似文献
70.
Josep De Alcaraz‐Fossoul Ph.D. Carme Barrot‐Feixat Ph.D. Sara C. Zapico Ph.D. Michelle Mancenido Ph.D. Jennifer Broatch Ph.D. Katherine A. Roberts Ph.D. Clara Carreras‐Marin M.Sc. Jack Tasker B.Sc. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(4):1085-1091
A methodology to estimate the time of latent fingerprint deposition would be of great value to law enforcement and courts. It has been observed that ridge topography changes as latent prints age, including the widths of ridges that could be measured as a function of time. Crime suspects are commonly identified using fingerprint databases that contain reference inked tenprints (flat and rolled impressions). These can be of interest in aging studies as they provide baseline information relating to the original (nonaged) ridges’ widths. In practice, the age of latent fingerprints could be estimated following a comparison process between the evidentiary aged print and the corresponding reference inked print. The present article explores possible correlations between inked and fresh latent fingerprints deposited on different substrates and visualized with TiO2. The results indicate that the ridge width of flat inked prints is most similar to fresh latent fingerprints, and these should be used as the comparison standard for future aging studies. 相似文献