Gross and histologic postmortem changes of the skin

Many methods have been attempted to accurately and systematically determine the estimated time of death in autopsy cases. Gross changes of the skin which occur during the postmortem interval have occasionally been used to estimate the time of death under different conditions; however, the postmortem gross and histologic changes of the skin have not been systematically analyzed. We sequentially studied the gross and microscopic appearance of skin in 3 individuals during the early postmortem interval (<1 week) in an outdoor, shaded, cool to temperate climate. Photos and skin biopsy specimens were taken from 4 sites (acral skin, scalp, dependent truncal skin, and nondependent truncal skin) every 12-24 hours on each individual. The gross appearance of the skin remarkably did not change significantly in any of the sites after 1 week of decomposition. Three main histologic changes were seen in the skin biopsy specimens: focal dermal-epidermal separation, eccrine duct necrosis, and dermal degeneration. Although bullae were not present in the gross examination of the skin, focal separation of the epidermis from the dermis was appreciated in several skin biopsies; however, the timing of development was unpredictable. Eccrine duct necrosis was another histologic finding and was relatively predictable, occurring in dependent and nondependent truncal skin biopsies from all 3 individuals between days 4 and 7. Dermal degeneration was a uniform histologic finding only in biopsies from nondependent truncal skin, occurring in all individuals on day 2. Although this study is limited by the small number of subjects and uncontrolled extrinsic factors, histologic findings, such as eccrine gland necrosis and dermal degeneration, in select cutaneous biopsies may be useful in estimating the time of death in the early postmortem interval.     

Rationalitätsdefizite in der Biopolitik

Zusammenfassung  Der Fortschritt der molekularen Medizin und der Biotechnologie ist zu einem fundamentalen Faktor der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Orientierung geworden. Ethische und politische Beurteilungen der biomedizinischen Entwicklung bleiben schwierig. Einerseits macht diese politische und rechtliche Ma?nahmen erforderlich, andererseits wird von „politischem Missbrauch“, einer besorgniserregenden „Ethisierung der Forschungspolitik“ bzw. einer „erschreckenden Politisierung“ der bioethischen Debatte gesprochen. Die Schwierigkeiten, die sich bei der übertragung von wissenschaftlicher Expertise und moralischen überzeugungen in biopolitische Normierungen zeigen, erweisen sich als Symptome weitreichender Rationalit?tsdefizite in der Biopolitik, die sich an der politischen Semantik in den Grenzbereichen von biomedizinischer Forschung, ethischer Beurteilung, politischer Steuerung und politikwissenschaftlicher Analyse ablesen lassen. Besonders kritisch zu betrachten sind in diesem Kontext Adaptionen bestimmter „Public-Reason“- und Diskurs-Modelle, die ihrerseits Rationalit?tsdefizite aufweisen. Als problematisch erweist sich in diesem Zusammenhang ein verbreiteter Vorbehalt, der im Namen der Demokratie gegenüber Ans?tzen der politischen Philosophie vorgebracht wird. Die politische Philosophie kann indessen als „Rationalit?tsreserve“ dienen, auf die angesichts von Defiziten im Bereich der Explikation biopolitischer Leitideen und demokratietheoretischer Begründungszusammenh?nge nicht verzichtet werden kann.      

Ethnic peace,ethnic conflict: Complexity theory on why the Baltic is not the Balkans

As Communist rule weakened across East Central Europe and new governments emerged, the Baltic region differed from the Balkans in two ways that need to be explained. The first difference was the near absence of ethnic violence in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – compared to civil and cross-border war in most of the former Yugoslavia. The second contrast was the rapid consolidation of democracy and market economics in the Baltic countries compared to halting movements toward political and economic freedom in most Balkan polities.     

Operation ‘cardinal’: The OSS in Manchuria,August 1945

To protect thousands of Allied military prisoners of war, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), China Theater parachuted a small team into Mukden the day after the Japanese surrender. Operating amid a disintegrating security situation, the OSS team's military and diplomatic skills enabled success of its humanitarian mission. Afterward, the team reverted to a secondary mission of intelligence gathering. Witnesses to the beginning of the Cold War in Asia, the team's intelligence reporting revealed the strength of the Chinese Communists in Manchuria, and how in the flush of victory over Japan, the United States was already facing problems with a resurgent Soviet Union whose ambitions were far different from those of America.     

China,the United States,and Prospects for Asian Space Cooperation

With the rapid rise of competitive space activities within Asia, this study examines the prospects for increasing international cooperation. After discussing relevant conceptual issues, it surveys the space policies particularly of China, India, Japan, and South Korea and examines the skewed patterns of cooperation seen at the international, regional, and bilateral levels. It then analyzes the historical, technology, and political factors that have impeded, especially regional, space cooperation in Asia to date. The study concludes that expanded regional space cooperation is an unlikely near-term outcome, but the paper also argues that the risks entailed in the current situation are growing and that US policy initiatives could make a difference in helping to lead countries out of this dead-end.