The aim of this study was to analyze the connection between alcohol dependence and criminal behavior by an integrated genetic–environmental approach. The research, structured as a case–control study, examined 186 alcohol‐dependent males; group 1 (N = 47 convicted subjects) was compared with group 2 (N = 139 no previous criminal records). Genetic results were innovative, highlighting differences in genotype distribution (p = 0.0067) in group 1 for single‐nucleotide polymorphism rs 3780428, located in the intronic region of subunit 2 of the GABA B receptor gene (GABBR2). Some environmental factors (e.g., grade repetition) were associated with criminal behavior; others (e.g., attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous) were inversely related to convictions. The concomitant presence of the genetic and environmental factors found to be associated with the condition of alcohol‐dependent inmate showed a 4‐fold increase in the risk of antisocial behavior. The results need to be replicated on a larger population to develop new preventive and therapeutic proposals. 相似文献
The assimilation of the architectural sign to the linguistic one, is the way that allow us to analyze the architectural element of the city, according to the symbolic and conventional way, but giving to the architectural sign an iconic value that we could read through reconstruction of city in films. It is possible if we consider city as artwork seen according to the definition of Lynch. There is a temporal and special dimension, the urban dimension, which would otherwise not be ‘visible’ to the naked eye or perceivable with hearing. City as an artwork can be read for more reasons, through the cinema in the translation of an architectural semiotics that finds a double correspondence of Urbs and Civitas, in the real building of the city and in its re-construction. In this contest, some Italian movies of Rossellini, De Sica, Antonioni, for example, beyond the traditional interpretations, can give us indications about the moments and ‘points’ of collapse that we can find in ‘signs’ and ‘singular points’. It’s in these points that we found the signs of evolution, breakdown and collapse of relationship between Urbs and Civitas.
In this article, we consider the question of how professionalized the cantonal parliamentarians are and which factors are related to this professionalization. By definition, Swiss parliamentarians exert an occupation in parallel to their mandate. We argue that parliamentarians who spend more time for their mandate have more resources to do so and, more importantly, intend to pursue a political career. In doing so, we analyze data gathered from a survey that was conducted among all Swiss cantonal parliaments in 2014. Our multi‐level analysis shows that parliamentarians who run for office at the national level spend significantly more time for their parliamentary mandate than their colleagues. This effect decreases with the parliamentarians’ age. This finding could be relevant in order to understand the career paths of Swiss parliamentarians. In addition, the study contributes to the discussion of the future development of the militia system in Switzerland. 相似文献
Political risk—risk that investments are damaged by policy action of authorities—increased during the financial crisis due to controversies about the distribution of accumulated losses among stakeholders. Authorities interconnected by cross-border banks considered unilateral policies that minimised losses for domestic stakeholders at the expense of their foreign counterparts. This is at odds both with the assumption behind financial integration which presumes multilateral responses to cross-border shocks and with the typical definition of political risks that ignores the fact that not only host-country, but also home-country authorities can create such risks. This paper recasts the definition of political risk and reviews instances when political risk materialised within the EU banking market between 2007 and 2011. The analysis reveals that the EU regulatory framework needs to be enhanced to contain resurgent political risks systematically rather than through ad hoc interventions of the EU and international bodies. 相似文献
This paper discusses, within the context of analytical theory, some of the implications when rape is subsumed within the international crime of genocide and concludes that this type of enquiry is essential for creating a clearer framework to address and understand this violation. From the analysis undertaken, two critical questions become apparent: a) Does compatibility exist when rape is subsumed within the category of a group violation (genocide), if rape is constructed as a violation of an individual’s sexual autonomy? i b) Is the link between rape and genocide necessarily problematic within this notion of autonomy for the individual victim of rape? The process unfolds within an analytical theoretical approach that touches upon the current concept of human rights with its focus on the individual. Although the key element is the individual, the concept of human rights also creates a space, albeit limited and at times controversial, for the group. As such, this paper identifies some of the theoretical implications that emerge once rape is subsumed within the international crime of genocide, which is defined as a violation committed against particular groups. 相似文献
Ein Minderheitsgesellschafter, dessen Gesellschaftsbeteiligung eine blo?e Finanzinvestition ist und der (daher) keinen relevanten
Einfluss auf die Gesch?ftsführung der Gesellschaft ausübt, ist jedenfalls nicht Unternehmer. Die blo?e Anlage von Kapital
ist noch nicht unternehmerisches Handeln. Es fehlt hier der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Betrieb des Unternehmens und einem darauf
bezogenen Handeln des Gesellschafters. Die übernahme einer Bürgschaft ist in diesem Fall nur eine Folge der Anlageentscheidung;
sie ist daher ebenso wie diese als Verbrauchergesch?ft zu betrachten. Die §§ 25c und 25d KSchG sind nicht von Amts wegen anzuwenden.
Den Interzedenten trifft die entsprechende Behauptungs- und Beweislast. Der Gl?ubiger muss nach § 1364 ABGB den Regressan-spruch
des Bürgen gegen den Hauptschuldner schützen. Er darf nicht durch den Verzicht auf eine dingliche Haftung in Rück- oder Weitergriffsansprüche
von Bürgen eingreifen. Ein Versto? gegen diese Pflicht führt zu einem Schadenersatzanspruch, mit dem der Bürge gegen den Zahlungsanspruch
des Gl?ubigers aufrechnen kann. Dem ist gleichzuhalten, wenn ein Mithaftender auf eine Sicherheit vertraut, die im Kreditvertrag
angeführt ist und auf die auch in der Bürgschaftserkl?rung hingewiesen wird, deren Einholen der Gl?ubiger aber unterl?sst.
In diesem Fall besteht nicht nur eine Informationspflicht über die beabsichtigte Auszahlung. Vielmehr muss der Kreditgeber
die Auszahlung des Kreditbetrags teilweise verweigern. Die H?he des Schadenersatzanspruchs ergibt sich aus dem (hypothetischen)
Innenverh?ltnis der im Kreditvertrag vorgesehenen Bürgen. Da zwischen den vorgesehenen Bürgen ein Gesellschaftsvertrag besteht
und für eine Schuld der Gesellschaft gebürgt werden sollte, bestimmt sich dieses Innenverh?ltnis nach den Anteilen am Gesellschaftsverm?gen. 相似文献
The name grana is not generic and the existenceof the protected designation of origin (PDO) for the GranaPadano cheese precludes the registration of the trademark GRANA BIRAGHI for related products. 相似文献