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FERNANDO COLLANTES 《Public administration》2010,88(2):381-395
The article analyses the Spanish experience of EU compensatory rural policy in order to contribute to broader debates on the effectiveness of this kind of policy and the role of agriculture in the definition of European rural policies. In the case of Spain, compensatory allowances to mainly mountain farmers had little effect on economic trajectories or social cohesion because of the small sums involved, the exclusion of those with very small farms, and the decreasing role of agriculture in the rural economy. Other, more structural, instruments of rural policy focused on small‐scale promotion of business growth but were ill‐equipped to challenge some of the territorially defined items of living standard gaps. A historically grounded analysis suggests that the main changes in the social trajectory of Spain's mountain areas in the last decades have little to do with compensatory policy and are related to ordinary economic dynamics. 相似文献
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FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO 《新观察季刊》2011,28(4):17-19
The sovereign debt problem in Europe, ignited by Greece, has morphed into an economic crisis challenging the solvency of major banks and countries as well as a generalized crisis of governance. Lacking the legitimacy of public support, the leaders of the European Union's fledgling institutions have been indecisive and unable to contain the looming danger of financial contagion. Along with the economic slowdown in the United States, instability and volatility in Europe threaten to derail the fragile global recovery. In this section, several former European leaders as well as political figures from the emerging economies offer their ideas on how to fix Europe and stem the global threat. 相似文献
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MIKE DAVIS WOLE SOYINKA TARIQ RAMADAN GORAN ROSENBERG AKBAR AHMED GRAHAM FULLER FRANCIS FUKUYAMA SHIRIN EBADI MUHAMMAD SAHIMI HANS BLIX CHRIS PATTEN PERVEZ MUSHARRAF RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN CARLOS FUENTES JORGE CASTANEDA JOSEPH STIGLITZ FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO RAUL ALFONSIN MITSUKO SHIMOMURA AYAAN HIRSI ALI 《新观察季刊》2008,25(1):70-71