Community structure and the behavior of transnational sustainability governors: Toward a multi‐relational approach

Hundreds of transnational private governance organizations (TPGOs) have emerged in recent decades to govern social and environmental conditions of production using voluntary standards. A debate persists over whether the ties among different TPGOs and other organizations create a professional community that affects the behavior of TPGOs. To help resolve this debate, we analyze multiple ties among agriculture TPGOs to offer a more robust exploration of community structures and their potential effects for three forms of TPGO behavior – coordination, collaboration, and isomorphism. Our aggregate measure of ties reveals a thin community dominated by older TPGOs and TPGOs advancing a broad notion of sustainability that were created by Solidaridad, the World Wildlife Fund, and/or Unilever. The clearest community structures are built from ties that exhibit the potential for not actual collaboration, coordination, and isomorphism. Thus, while there exists convergence toward an emergent TPGO‐community, obstacles remain to more intense behavioral effects for TPGOs.     

从"生存"到"发展":金融危机下的农民工问题——基于"60后"、"70后"、"80后"三代农民工进城心态的差异研究

当前,面对经济结构转型升级的内在压力和金融危机的外在影响,农民工的退路和出路问题成为政府、学者和全社会关注的热点.本文以对浙江省返城农民工的实地调研和个案访谈作为经验材料和叙事文本,通过"60后"、"70后"、"80后"三代农民工进城心态的对比,发现农民工的行为导向逐步由生存理性走向发展理性.由此,金融危机下解决农民工退路问题应重点关注农民工群体的内部分化及其行为差异,农民工对自身的定位和行为选择差异将决定政府政策制定的导向.     

代表社会亦或调节社会？——中国地方公共领域研究述评

乡村公共空间的重构是当下我国乡村振兴的重要组成部分。由此，回顾近四十年海内外的中国地方公共领域研究不无裨益。早期研究采取自由型公共领域理论，认为地方公共领域产生于同国家相对的社会之内，强调其代表社会的功能。晚近研究采取中介型公共领域理论，认为地方公共领域存在于同国家相对的社会之外，强调其调节社会的功能。它们总体上都在国家与社会关系的宏观与中观层面上运用哈贝马斯的公共领域理论。作为一种拓展研究，也许可以关注被忽略的公共领域交往模式，从微观上探讨地方公共领域的联结社会功能。这可能为当下乡村公共空间作用研究提供某种参考。     

General-Purpose Local Government Defaults: Type,Trend, and Impact

Local governments default on bonds when they fail to comply with the monetary and nonmonetary aspects of the debt contracts. Analyses of defaults have relied on reports from credit rating agencies, which include only rated bonds undergoing monetary defaults. Using a unique and comprehensive dataset of defaults, we examine all general-purpose government defaults from 2009 to 2015 and find defaults to be more common than previously reported. We present a typology of defaults and characteristics of defaulted bonds. Most defaults occur among nongeneral obligation bonds and did not affect the yield of future, unrelated credits of the same issuer, providing support to the credit segmentation hypothesis.     

Private regulation,public policy,and the perils of adverse ontological selection

What problems can private regulatory governance solve, and what role should public policy play? Despite access to the same empirical evidence, the current scholarship on private governance offers widely divergent answers to these questions. Through a critical review, this paper details five ontologically distinct academic logics – calculated strategic behavior; learning and experimentalist processes; political institutionalism; global value chain and convention theory; and neo-Gramscian accounts – that offer divergent conclusions based on the particular facets of private governance they illuminate, while ignoring those they obfuscate. In this crowded marketplace of ideas, scholars and practitioners are in danger of adverse ontological selection whereby certain approaches and insights are systematically ignored and certain problem conceptions are prioritized over others. As a corrective, we encourage scholars to make their assumptions explicit, and occasionally switch between logics, to better understand private governance's problem-solving potential and its interactions with public policy.     

试析中小企业融资难问题

改革开放以来,我国的中小企业异军突起,已成为支撑我国经济快速增长的重要力量。然而,在中小企业发展的过程中却遭遇了几大难题,其中融资难成了阻碍中小企业发展的"瓶颈"。本文在探讨我国中小企业融资难的现状以及原因的基础上,提出了解决问题的相关建议,旨在促进我国中小企业健康、快速的发展。