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521.
522.
According to many theoretical accounts of the vote choice, distal determinants (e.g., party identification) influence proximal
determinants (e.g., perceptions of candidates), which in turn shape candidate preferences. Yet almost no research on voting
has formally tested such mediational hypotheses. Using national survey data collected between February and September of 2004,
this paper begins by illustrating how to conduct such investigations. We explored whether public approval of President Bush’s
handling of a series of specific national problems (e.g., the Iraq war) influenced overall assessments of his job performance
and evaluations of his likely future performance versus John Kerry’s, which in turn shaped vote choices. The results are consistent
with the claim of mediation and shed additional light on the impact of various issues on the 2004 election outcome. We also
tested what we term the “dosage hypothesis,” derived from news media priming theory, which posits that changes in the amount
of media coverage of an issue during the course of a campaign should precipitate changes in the weight citizens place on that
issue when evaluating the president’s overall job performance, particularly among citizens most exposed to the news. Surprisingly,
this analysis did not yield consistent support for the venerable dosage hypothesis, suggesting that the conditions under which
priming occurs should be specified much more precisely in future work.
相似文献
Jon A. KrosnickEmail: |
523.
José A. Bauermeister Marc A. Zimmerman Tracey E. Barnett Cleopatra Howard Caldwell 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(7):877-890
Researchers have found mixed support for documenting whether work is protective or harmful during adolescence. This study
examined the association between work and problem behaviors among African American youth (N = 592; 53% female; M = 14.8 years, SD = .60) followed from mid-adolescence to young adulthood over eight Waves (90% response rate over the first four Waves and
a 68% response rate across all eight Waves). We explored three competing operationalizations of work: work history (never
worked, worked), work intensity (no work, 20 h or less, and 21 h or over), and work trajectories (never worked, episodic work,
stopped working, late starter, and consistent worker). Non-working youth reported higher marijuana use during young adulthood
than their working counterparts. Nonworkers reported lower self-acceptance during young adulthood than those working greater
number of hours per week. Differences in work trajectories for cigarette use, depression, and anxiety during adolescence imply
that when and for how long youth work are also important factors to explore. Our findings lend tentative support to the work
benefits perspective and suggest that the association between work and problem behaviors may depend on the work measure used.
We discuss the implications of employing different work measures in adolescent research.
相似文献
Cleopatra Howard CaldwellEmail: |
524.
The longstanding connection between criminological theory, research and the design and delivery of criminal justice policy
has been challenged in the last 3 decades by a variety of constraints such as the rise of neoconservative attitudes, symbolic
public discourses about crime, and the proliferation of capture, monitor, and detect strategies brought about by technological
innovation. Building on Kevin Haggerty’s (2004. Displaced expertise: three constraints on the policy-relevance of criminological
thought. Theoretical Criminology, 8(2), 211–231.) exploration of the external factors that challenge the transition from criminological theory to criminal justice
policy and practice, this paper considers internal challenges that may also be relevant. By examining two recent critical
criminological orientating strategies, namely left realism and constitutive criminology, the paper concludes by suggesting
that an integrated perspective which draws strengths from each of these approaches could assist critical criminologists to
better influence policy in the future.
相似文献
Johannes WheeldonEmail: |
525.
ABSTRACTThis article introduces the special issue of the Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law on contact disputes and allegations of domestic abuse. It first describes the aims and findings of the International Symposium on Contact Disputes and Allegations of Domestic Violence – Identifying Best Practices at which the papers in the special issue were originally presented. It then outlines the position in England and Wales regarding allegations of domestic abuse in child arrangements cases, highlighting the difference between the ‘law in the books’ and the ‘law in action’. Thirdly, it discusses the research evidence on another prominent international approach to domestic abuse allegations – legislative presumptions against custody or unsupervised visitation/contact for abusive parents. The experience of presumptions in the USA and New Zealand suggests that a similar gap between ‘law in the books’ and ‘law in action’ exists, together with potential problems of legislative drafting. Finally, the article outlines the contributions of the other papers in the special issue to our understanding of international approaches to ensuring safety for children and resident parents in family proceedings where allegations of domestic abuse are raised. 相似文献
526.
The likelihood that longevity will continue to increase has generated a search for regulation that make people work longer as they live longer, and thus not just containing pension expenditure but also enlarging labor supply, economic growth, and tax revenue. In public pension policy, Nordic countries have led the world with three types of approaches aimed at making people retire later. The first came when Sweden, followed by Finland and Norway, installed life expectancy coefficients in benefit calculation formulas. The second followed as Finland introduced age-related accrual rates and the third when Denmark indexed the pensionable age to developments in life expectancy. Since economic incentive-based regulations failed to raise exit ages sufficiently, Finland and Sweden subsequently linked pensionable ages to life expectancy like Denmark. While this policy brings out inequalities in health and workability, the fact that countries found it necessary to index the pensionable age to longevity instead of just relying on economic incentives in regulating retirement behavior may hold lessons for other countries. 相似文献