This article reviews basic insights about compliance and "hard" enforcement that can be derived from various non-cooperative
equilibrium concepts, and evaluates the Marrakesh Accords in light of these insights. Five different notions of equilibrium
are considered – the Nash equilibrium, the subgame perfect equilibrium, the renegotiation proof equilibrium, the coalition
proof equilibrium, and the perfect Bayesian equilibrium. These various types of equilibrium have a number of implications
for effective enforcement: (1) Consequences of non-compliance should be more than proportionate. (2) Punishment needs to take
place on the Pareto frontier, rather than by reversion to some suboptimal state. (3) An effective enforcement system must
be able to curb collective as well as individual incentives to cheat. (4) A fully transparent enforcement regime is not unconditionally
a good thing. It is concluded that constructing an effective system for "hard" enforcement of the Kyoto Protocol is a formidable
task that has only partially been accomplished by the Marrakesh Accords. In practice, however, the design of the compliance
system for the climate regime had to balance a desire to minimize non-compliance against other important goals, including
the need for due process. 相似文献
Word Processing for Solicitors, Kevin Townsend and Kate Taphouse, Gower Publishing, 1983 £12.50
Computer Law, Colin Tapper, Longman, London and New York, 1983 Third Edition, £9.50
Understanding Computer Contracts, Martin Edwards, Waterlow Publishers, 1983 £6.50
Data Protection: Perspectives on Information Privacy, Edited by Colin Bourn & John Benyon, Department of Adult Education, University of Leicester, 1983 £5
The Computer in Court, Alistair Kelman and Richard Sizer, Gower Publishing Company, 1982 £15.50
Principles of Database Systems, Jeffrey D Ullman, Pitman Publishing Ltd, 1982 Second Edition £13.95
Computers and the Law Teacher, A report of the proceedings of a conference held at North Staffordshire Polytechnic, Edited by David V Marshall, North Staffordshire Polytechnic, 1983 £3 相似文献
In the wake of the “audit revolution” during the 1980s and 1990s, administrative systems across the western world have tended to gradually downplay evaluation as a component of the policy process. At the same time, auditing has dramatically increased in scope and depth, and has also, to some extent, come to fill the role in policymaking previously played by evaluation studies. This article reviews this development from the perspective of policymaking and institutional change or “drift.” Specifically, we look at the types of information and knowledge that are lost and gained as a result of these developments. We apply a cross‐national approach, drawing on the examples from the European and North American contexts. 相似文献
Although the juvenile crime rate has generally declined, the involvement of girls in the juvenile justice system has been increasing. Possible explanations for this gender difference include the impact of exposure to trauma and mental health needs on developmental pathways and the resulting influence of youth’s involvement in the justice system. This study examined the influence of gender, mental health needs and trauma on the risk of out-of-home placement for juvenile offenders. The sample included youth referred to three urban juvenile probation departments in Texas between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2008 and who received state-mandated mental health screening (N = 34,222; 30.1 % female). The analysis revealed that, for both genders, elevated scores on the seven factor-analytically derived subscales of a mental health screening instrument (Alcohol and Drug Use, Depressed-Anxious, Somatic Complaints, Suicidal Ideation, Thought Disturbance, and Traumatic Experiences), especially related to past traumatic experiences, influenced how deeply juveniles penetrated the system. The findings suggest that additional research is needed to determine the effectiveness of trauma interventions and the implementation of trauma informed systems for youth involved with the juvenile justice system. 相似文献