多学科视角下央地关系研究述评

央地关系一直是学界研究的热点问题.目前,围绕央地关系的研究成果数量较多,范围较广.然而,根据研究视角的不同,可以划分为历史学、经济学、政治学、法学以及多学科交叉视角下的央地关系研究.总结、分析不同学科视角下央地关系的研究,不难发现,当前学界的研究仍存在诸多问题,有待进一步完善.     

Market segmentation and lender specialization in the primary and secondary mortgage markets

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of market segmentation and lender/purchaser specialization in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. It describes and assesses the 1990 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, which for the first time provide detailed information on the borrower and neighborhood racial and income characteristics of mortgage loan originations and securitizations in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. Evidence presented in the paper indicates that home purchase loan origination rates for black applicants—and, to a lesser degree, Hispanic applicants—appear to be significantly lower than those of other racial or ethnic groups. Similarly, the HMDA data reveal that home purchase mortgage origination rates in predominantly minority census tracts are significantly lower than those in predominantly white neighborhoods. The HMDA data also indicate a striking reliance of black borrowers on government‐backed forms of mortgage credit.

The paper further reveals that secondary market loan purchase distributions arrayed by borrower and neighborhood characteristics generally reflect those of home mortgage originations. The borrower and locational characteristics of home purchase loans acquired by the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) directly reflect that agency's legislated specialization in government‐backed loans, whereas the characteristics of loans acquired by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for the most part derive from the borrower and geographic composition of conventional home purchase loan originations. Findings of analyses of HMDA data raise concern regarding the access of minority and low‐income households and neighborhoods to mortgage finance. Those results also raise some question as to whether the federally chartered agencies in the secondary market are adequately promoting the availability of mortgage credit to low‐ and moderate‐income and minority households.     

中国能源外交与地缘政治——以石油为例

中国在崛起的过程中,已受到了能源瓶颈的制约,能源安全日益突出。为了积极应对,中国开始关注与能源相关的地缘政治因素的变动,在双边乃至多边关系中突出以能源合作为特色的“能源外交”。虽然中国在开展能源外交时有其潜在优势,但也面临着挑战。因此,我们应该按照“一个中心、两个基本点”,即以重塑形象为中心,以对能源地缘政治和相互依赖的认知与实践为两个基本点来构建中国能源外交战略,积极推动在互利平等、互相尊重的基础上进行国际能源合作。     

上、下尖牙髓腔/牙体表面积比值的年龄判定价值研究

目的 通过三维重建测量上、下颌尖牙髓腔/牙体表面积比值(Pulp/Tooth area Ratio,PTR)来推断个体年龄,为临床年龄推断的应用提供科学依据.方法 收集口腔门诊患者年龄在16～65岁200例锥形束CT(Cone beam computed tomography,CBCT)影像资料,以4个尖牙为测量对象并...     

Longitudinal Discrepancy in Adolescent Aggressive Behavior Problems: Differences by Reporter and Contextual Factors

Journal of Youth and Adolescence - Little is known about the developmental course of informant discrepancies in adolescent aggressive behavior problems, though whether aggression increases or...     

内幕交易、泄露内幕信息罪若干问题研究

我国虽于1997年修订刑法时将证券市场严重的内幕交易、泄露内幕信息行为犯罪化了,但新刑法颁布以来的司法实践证明,关于此罪的规定很少被适用,刑法的预防、威慑和惩罚功能并没有得到很好地发挥,这与日益严重的内幕交易、泄露内幕信息的犯罪现实形成鲜明对比。笔者以为,造成这一现象的原因之一是刑法规定本身的不完善以及刑法、附属刑法、行政法规之间缺乏应有的衔接和协调而导致司法操作的困难。本文立足于刑法180条(修正案)的规定,对内幕交易、泄露内幕信息罪在主体、客观方面、处罚等方面存在的相关问题进行了探讨。