钾中毒致死家兔病理形态学变化

目的研究钾中毒致死家兔的尸体组织形态学变化特征,为钾中毒致死的法医学鉴定提供客观依据。方法采用浓度为0.3%和1%的氯化钾溶液,分别以全速和100滴/min的速度静脉输注家兔至其死亡,肉眼、光镜及透射电镜下观察尸体心、脑、肾形态学变化,比较两种不同输液方式下形态学变化的差异。结果输钾致死的家兔心脏显著扩张淤血,心肌呈缺血缺氧改变,心肌肌节长短不一,Z线变宽、聚集或消失;肾小球毛细血管收缩,包曼氏囊扩张,足突绒毛化、融合;脑组织中可见凋亡及吞噬现象。上述改变均以1%组为著。结论心脏及肾脏的一些形态学改变可作为钾中毒死亡法医学鉴定的重要依据。     

The Concept of a Joint Criminal Enterprise and Domestic Modes of Liability for Parties to a Crime: A Comparison of German and English Law

The concept of a Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) has becomea useful tool in international criminal law. It allows courtsto hold individuals criminally liable for group activities towhich they have contributed in a criminally relevant way. Theconcept allows for an attribution of criminal responsibilityof unforeseen consequences of such group activities, and itseems to enable the prosecution and the courts to extend criminalliability to high-level perpetrators that use subordinated personsfor their criminal aims. The advantages of such a tool are obvioussince the crimes under international criminal law are mostlyof a systematic, large-scale and collective character, whiledomestic criminal law mainly deals with less complex crimesthat are normally committed by individuals who can easily belinked to the crime. Due to this empirical or criminologicalfact, it seems logical that the normal modes of liability forparties to a crime used in domestic criminal law need to beadapted, and that a rather extensive assignment of criminalliability for secondary parties is justified in internationalcriminal law. This article seeks to question this assumptionby undertaking a comparative analysis of domestic modes of liability.The author aims to show, on the one hand, to what extent theconcept of JCE is in line with the general concept of partiesto a crime in domestic criminal law. On the other hand, theauthor argues that abandoning the idea of JCE as an independentmode of liability may lead to better compliance with the principlesof legality and individual criminal responsibility and therebyincrease the legitimacy of international criminal law.     

Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility

The joint criminal enterprise doctrine appears more and moreas the ‘magic weapon’ in the prosecution of internationalcrimes. Yet, the doctrine not only gives rise to conceptualconfusion and conflicts with some fundamental principles of(international) criminal law but also invades the traditionalambit of command responsibility liability. This becomes obviousif both doctrines are applied simultaneously in cases againstaccused with some kind of superior position. After a short introductionon both doctrines, as interpreted in modern case law, the articlegives some examples of their simultaneous application and triesto develop distinguishing criteria in light of the case lawand a ‘dogmatic’ analysis of both the doctrines.A reference to the theory of ‘Organisationsherrschaft’shows that there is yet another option to impute internationalcrimes to top perpetrators.     

末位淘汰制度的运用困境及其合法路径探究

末位淘汰制度有其合理性,相关司法判例虽然实现了个案的合法性与合理性,但由于说理的薄弱,难以普遍适用于末位淘汰制度的所有情形,这对企业合理运用末位淘汰制度,激励劳动者提高工作效率形成了阻滞。通过对现有案例进行分析,可以对末位淘汰制所表现出的样态进行分类研究,在此基础上,并可以归纳出合法地运用末位淘汰制的路径,即将末位淘汰制依照法律程序置于用人单位的规章之中、灵活采用末位淘汰的淘汰形式以及设定科学合理的淘汰标准。     

刑法规范的结构模式新探

刑法规范的结构模式主要涉及结构类型、结构成分和结构形态三个方面。刑法规范的结构类型可分为辩证统一的逻辑结构与本体结构两种。刑法规范的逻辑结构成分包括刑事行为模式与刑事法律结果两部分。刑法规范的本体结构成分包括刑事权利、刑事义务与接受刑事评价特别是刑事责任三部分。刑法规范的结构形态主要有刑事非评价行为法律规范与刑事评价行为法律规范两种。     

室外温度与室内恒温下EC随死后经历时间的变化

目的在室外环境和室内恒温条件下测定昼夜不同时间猪后腿肌肉电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)值,分析并比较两种环境条件下,EC值随死后经历时间(time since death, TSD)变化的规律。方法取5块即刻屠宰的猪后腿肌肉,均分为两份,随机分成两组,分别置于秋季室外环境和室内18℃恒温环境中。在死后10d内分别于早晚8时(每隔12h)取样,测定其浸渍液EC值。结果两种环境条件下,EC随TSD变化的趋势在整体上是一致的,二者相关性均较好(R2室外=0.971,P室外=0.004,R2室内=0.98,P室内=0.002)。室外环境温度下,肌肉的EC值在白天增长明显,夜间增长不明显,尤其环境温度低于13℃时,出现明显的平台现象,与室内恒温条件下肌肉EC值持续上升的变化趋势有显著的差异。结论无论室外环境温度还是室内恒温下,肌肉EC与TSD的相关性均较好,但在具体分析时,应考虑到夜间低温平台期造成的时间延搁。     

International Economic Criminal Law

This inquiry explores the question of transnational companies’ criminal liability for international crimes, reviewing the current state of research in the field of international economic criminal law, a discipline that hitherto has received only scant analysis. Following some preliminary conceptual remarks (I.), the forms of corporate participation in such crimes (II.) and the supranational and national practice since Nuremberg are presented. This practice reveals a clear trend towards corporate liability, albeit represented by leading company staff. For this reason, and because legal persons (companies) ultimately act through natural persons (their staff), their liability (IV.) cannot be convincingly established on a purely collective basis – in the sense of a pure organisation model (IV. 4.1.) – but only on the basis of the attribution model, namely as a derivative corporate liability based upon supervisory or organisational culpability (IV.4.2.). The attribution model’s individual approach – or, to use procedural terms, the individualistic “trigger” for the prosecution of companies – finally brings us to the well-known forms of criminal participation (V.), with liability for complicity in particular coming into question. All in all, the essay concludes (VI.), we should not expect too much of (international) criminal corporate liability. Here, as in many other areas, criminal law can only have a (limited) preventive effect as part of a holistic approach.     

在线环境监测——生活垃圾处理设施环境监测新篇章

介绍了北京市生活垃圾处理设施环境监测现状,通过分析定期环境监测存在监测数据时效性低、代表性差等不足,结合在线环境监测技术发展及应用情况,提出目前已经具备将在线环境监测技术应用于生活垃圾处理设施环境监测应用的条件;应奥运会整体规划要求,就北京市生活垃圾处理设施在线监测系统项目建设,重点论述了生活垃圾处理设施作为相对开放的污染物排放源,在线监测系统建设过程中监测项目选择、监测仪器选择及监测采样点的设置;并对在线环境监测与定期监测的关系、在线监测系统日常运行管理及质量监控提出建议.