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141.
A novel method for the non-destructive age determination of a blood stain is described. It is based on the measurement of the visible reflectance spectrum of the haemoglobin component using a microspectrophotometer (MSP), spectral pre-processing and the application of supervised statistical classification techniques. The reflectance spectra of sample equine blood stains deposited on a glazed white tile were recorded between 1 and 37 days, using an MSP at wavelengths between 442 nm and 585 nm, under controlled conditions. The determination of age was based on the progressive change of the spectra with the aging of the blood stain. These spectra were pre-processed to reduce the effects of baseline variations and sample scattering. Two feature selection methods based on calculation of Fisher's weights and Fourier transform (FT) of spectra were used to create inputs into a statistical model based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). This was used to predict the age of the blood stain and tested by using the leave-one-out cross validation method. When the same blood stain was used to create the training and test datasets an excellent correct classification rate (CCR) of 91.5% was obtained for 20 input frequencies, improving to 99.2% for 66 input frequencies. A more realistic scenario where separate blood stains were used for the training and test datasets led to poorer successful classification due to problems with the choice of substrate but nevertheless up to 19 days a CCR of 54.7% with an average error of 0.71 days was obtained. 相似文献
142.
Karen McAuliffe 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2011,24(1):97-115
The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) is shaped by the language in which it is drafted—i.e. French.
However, because French is rarely the mother tongue of those drafting that case law, the texts produced are often stilted
and awkward. In addition, those drafting such case law are constrained in their use of language and style of writing (owing
to pressures of technology and in order to reinforce the rule of law). These factors have led to the development of a ‘Court
French’ which necessarily shapes the case law produced and has implications for its development, particularly insofar as it
inevitably leads to a type of precedent in that case law. That case law also undergoes many permutations of translation into
and out of up to 23 different languages. The resultant texts that make up the case law are hybrid in nature—consisting of
a blend of cultural and linguistic patterns, constrained by a rigid formulistic drafting style and put through many permutations
of translation. The present paper investigates the production of the Court’s multilingual case law and considers whether the
hybrid nature of that case law can actually aid the presentation (and thus the development) of a ‘uniform’ EU case law. 相似文献
143.
Karen Katz 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2011,36(3):231-249
When there is a period devoid of sensationalistic biker news, the public’s concern about outlaw bikers can be quite low. All
it takes is one overt act of violence to heighten the public’s fear of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are
the most current “dangerous class” which have been the subject of a moral panic in Canada. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs as organized
crime bodies are deemed to be the single most serious threat to the country—the enemy within. The gang war in British Columbia
is fuelled by drugs supplied by the Hells Angels and there is a wide spread fear that these evildoers are trying to harm and
tear apart the fabric of our society. This article provides a critical in-depth analysis of the construction of an Outlaw
Motorcycle Gang moral panic with the focus on Canada. The roles played by the media, politicians, and the public in using
isolated, violent incidents to support their interests will be examined along with the interactions between these groups and
the resultant punitive actions directed toward members of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. 相似文献
144.
Karen Oehme Darcy Clay Siebert Carl F. Siebert Nat Stern Colby Valentine Elizabeth Donnelly 《Family Court Review》2011,49(1):84-106
Florida's innovative Law Enforcement Families Partnership (LEFP) was created to reduce and prevent officer‐involved domestic violence in the state. Administered by the Institute for Family Violence Studies at Florida State University and supported by the criminal justice and victim's advocacy communities, the LEFP is the first statewide project of its kind. It includes several components, the cornerstone of which is an online curriculum that teaches officers about the dynamics and consequences of domestic violence perpetrated by officers. This article describes the project and early data from the surveys attached to the curriculum. 相似文献
145.
Karen L. Amendola David Weisburd Edwin E. Hamilton Greg Jones Meghan Slipka 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(4):407-442
Objectives
The objectives of this research were to test the impacts of three shift lengths (8-, 10-, and 12-hour) on performance, health, safety, quality of life, sleep, fatigue, alertness, off-duty employment, and overtime among police. 相似文献146.
Karen M. Kester Ph.D. Mary H. Toothman M.S. Bonnie L. Brown Ph.D. W. Scott Street IV Ph.D. Tracey D. Cruz Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(6):1543-1551
Abstract: We tested the hypotheses that foraging insects can acquire human DNA from the environment and that insect‐delivered human DNA is of sufficient quantity and quality to permit standard forensic analyses. Houseflies, German cockroaches, and camel crickets were exposed to dusty surfaces and then assayed for human mitochondrial and nuclear loci by conventional and qPCR, and multiplex STR amplification. Over two experiments, 100% of insect groups and 94% of dust controls tested positive for human DNA. Of 177 individuals, 33–67% tested positive and 13 yielded quantifiable human DNA (mean = 0.022 ± 0.006 ng; mean dust control = 2.448 ± 0.960 ng); four had at least one positive allele call for one or more locus; eight others showed multiple peaks at some loci. Results imply that application to routine forensic casework is limited given current detection methodology yet demonstrate the potential use of insects as environmental samplers for human DNA. 相似文献
147.
Ellen S. Cohn Donald Bucolo Cesar J. Rebellon Karen Van Gundy 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(4):295-309
Legal socialization theory predicts that attitudes mediate the relation between legal reasoning and rule-violating behavior
[Cohn, E. S., & White, S. O. (1990). Legal Socialization: A Study of Norms and Rules. New York: Springer-Verlag]. Moral development theory predicts that moral reasoning predicts rule-violating behavior directly
as well as indirectly [Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45]. We present and test an integrated model of rule-violating behavior drawing on both theories in a longitudinal study
of middle school and high school students. Students completed questionnaires three times during the course of 1 year at 6-month
intervals. Legal and moral reasoning, legal attitudes, and rule-violating behavior were measured at times one, two, and three
respectively. Structural equation models revealed that while moral and legal reasoning were directly and indirectly related
to rule-violating behavior among high school students, legal reasoning bore no direct relation to rule-violating behavior
among middle school students. The implications for an integrated model of reasoning and rule-violating behavior are discussed. 相似文献
148.
Helen Kemmitt Michael Dizon Karen Roberts Bianca Chouls 《Computer Law & Security Report》2010,26(6):655-658
This is the latest edition of Baker &; McKenzie's column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, e-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links. 相似文献
149.
Flexible work, the practice of giving employees some control over their working time, can transform the modern workplace. Once the province of scattered national legislation, the European Union is now considering the inclusion of flextime rights in the Working Time Directive (WTD), the leading EU legislation related to work time. In this article, we propose that the European Commission should adopt a right to request flexible work as part of the WTD. Adoption of the right to request flexible work would significantly alleviate the challenges employees face in maintaining work–life balance. The right to request flexible work can also provide benefits to employers by increasing employee loyalty and productivity. Finally, adoption of the right to request flexible work into the WTD would improve the overall effectiveness of the EU's employment law framework in an increasingly fast‐paced and competitive society. 相似文献
150.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is arguably prone to malingering due to its subjective and heterogeneous nature. Various factors can influence PTSD symptom profiles including trauma type and trauma exposure. However, it is unknown whether trauma exposure influences malingered PTSD symptom profiles. We used a malingering simulation design with trauma type controlled to compare (1) PTSD symptom profiles (Posttraumatic Stress Checliklist-5; PCL-5) at the syndrome, symptom cluster, and individual symptom levels and (2) symptom validity profiles (Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology; SIMS) at the overall and subscale level, as a function of direct and indirect trauma exposure. Seventy-three participants were randomly assigned to either the direct (“witnessed” trauma) or indirect (“learned about” trauma) condition. Participants were coached about symptoms and instructed to simulate PTSD. PCL-5 profile analyses revealed that simulators in the direct exposure group reported greater overall PTSD severity. Significant differences were found on cluster D (changes in cognition and mood) and individual symptoms including intrusive thoughts, amnesia, difficulty experiencing positive emotions, and risk-taking. No differences were identified for any other symptom scores nor for the symptom validity profile, except for the SIMS total score (direct: M?=?33.0, SD?=?12.8, indirect: M?=?26.5, SD?=?13.9, t(71)?=?2.06, p?=?.043, d?=?.48). These findings indicate that trauma exposure can influence malingered PTSD profiles at the syndrome, symptom cluster, and individual symptom levels (small effects), but, with one exception for a summary score, it does not produce a detectable difference on symptom validity testing. This study may provide insight for clinicians into the how malingered PTSD profiles can manifest as a result of direct and indirect trauma exposure; however, further research is strongly indicated. 相似文献