Appendix: a reconnaissance of Canadian administrative reform during the early 1990s

Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to provide background information for discussions at the National Seminar on Decentralization and Power Sharing on 15–17 October 1993 in St. Andrew's, New Brunswick. It emerged out of a concern that the literature has not managed to convey a sense of the extent and nature of administrative reform under way in Canada. Senior public servants working for nine provincial governments were contacted during the summer of 1993 in order to obtain documents and their views on developments in administrative and program reform during the early 1990s.* The information was first presented at the national seminar and was subsequently reviewed by provincial contacts in late 1993, who often suggested additional modifications. Our reconnaissance moves from west to east, and ends with observations about developments at the federal level. We did not delve into aboriginal and federalprovincial issues since other papers were to take up these subjects, but if officials noted that such issues were part of their administrative reform agenda, then we mentioned them. Officials from New Brunswick emphasized regional initiatives in the eastern provinces and we chose to leave that discussion in that section. Given the limited resources and time available for undertaking this survey of developments, it should not be construed as a definitive history of recent reform within each jurisdiction. Nevertheless, we do think this reconnaissance conveys the current tumult in Canada's public sector; governments at all levels are in the midst of significant restructuring, and this will continue for the foreseeable future. Sommaire: Afin de créer une base empirique pour le débat qui devait avoir lieu au Colloque national sur la décentralisation et le partage des pouvoirs, les 15–17 octobre 1993, à St. Andrew's, au Nouveau-Brunswick, nous avons contacté des fonctionnaires supérieurs de neuf provinces afin d'obtenir des documents et des avis sur l'évolution recente des réformes administratives et des révisions de programmes au début des années 1990 (pour l'Ontario, nous nous en sommes remis à un article récent de Lindquist et White). L'article a d'abord été présenté au Colloque national, puis a été analysé par quelques personnes au niveau provincial, qui ont suggéré des modifications supplémentaires. L'article couvre le terrain en partant de l'ouest vers l'est, et conclut par des observations concernant le niveau fédéral. Nous n'avions pas l'intention de nous occuper des questions autochtones et fédérales-provinciales puisque d'autres articles devaient en traiter, mais nous les avons quand même mentionnées lorsque des fonctionnaires signalaient ces questions comme étant à l'ordre du jour de Ieur réforme administrative. Ces analyses ne constituent pas l'histoire définitive des réformes au sein de chaque juridiction, mais elles reflètent bien les bouleversements qui ont frappé le secteur public au Canada. Les gouvernements canadiens sont aux prises avec une restructuration importante à tous les paliers, et notre survol de la question indique que cette situation se poursuivra.     

Memories of menarche: Age,preparation, and prior knowledge as determinants of initial menstrual experience

The relationships between age at menarche, preparation for menarche, and initial experience of menarche, were assessed in a retrospective questionnaire administered to 97 college-aged women. The more knowledgeable a girl was prior to menarche, the more adequate she perceived her preparation for menarche to have been; and the older she was at the time of menarche, the more likely she was to report a positive initial experience. These data support clinical anecdotes describing initial responses to menarche, and provide information about the factors which can moderate the extent to which menarche is experienced as a traumatic and disruptive event.Portions of this research were presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Hartford, Conn., April 1980.Received Ph.D. in psychology from Tufts University. Major interests are psychobiology and adolescent development.Received Ph.D. in psychology from Clark University. Major interests are clinical psychology and personality development.Received Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University. Major interest is cognitive development.     

The relationship of sex role to physical and psychological health

This study examined the relationship of sex-role typology, medical and psychiatric symptomatology, and personality functioning in adolescents. Seventy-nine males and 101 females with an average age of 18.3 were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), Offer Self Image Questionnaire (OSIQ), Self Rating Depression Scale (SRDS), and Cornell Medical Index (CMI). In comparison to males, females reported significantly more medical and psychiatric symptomatology, including depression. Females were also found to have more concern and empathy for others and a better developed superego. They reported greater involvement in making future plans and were more conservative in their sexual attitudes. Sex-role typology yielded no significant differences on the medical and psychiatric scales, but consistent differences were found on the OSIQ, a measure of adolescent personality functioning. In general, the results indicated that androgynous teenagers in every case differed from the undifferentiated ones, with the masculine and feminine groups occupying a mid-position. Androgynous individuals always showed a more favorable adjustment. Undifferentiated individuals had a poorer defensive structure, less adequate coping mechanisms and affective integration, more confusion about body boundaries, and more difficulty in object relations. Androgynous individuals, in short, possessed adaptive capabilities and resources, such as effective coping techniques, emotional integration, communication skills, and a well-defined self-concept (i.e., ego strength and a high level of psychological integration). Since these results were obtained on a measure constructed solely to assess adolescent functioning, it seems possible to screen and identify adolescents who may be entering adulthood lacking the emotional, social, and occupational capacity to function in an optimal fashion.Received Ph.D. from University of Rhode Island. Current interests are adjustive dimensions of sex role in adolescents, adolescent psychopathology and psychotherapy.Currently pursuing a doctorate in human development at the University of Maryland. Holds an M.A. in clinical psychology from George Mason University. Interests include sex-role development, determination of psychological test parameters of anorexia nervosa.Completing an M.A. in clinical psychology at George Mason University. Besides sex-role and social dimensions, interests center on adolescent psychotherapy.     

A longitudinal study of moral and ego development in young adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal changes in moral judgment and ego development in a young adult sample when a concurrent measure of verbal ability was used as a statistical control. Sixty-one late adolescents and young adults, representing three educational groups, were tested in 1977 and 1979 on the Defining Issues Tests, a measure of moral judgment (Rest), the Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (Loevinger and Wessler) and Terman's Concept Mastery Test, a measure of verbal ability. No group or time differences were found in ego development. A significant increase was found between the 1977 and 1979 moral judgment scores,p<0.05, and between groups at both testing,p<0.001. Sex differences were found,p<0.01, with females scoring higher than males, which were statistically accounted for by verbal ability. These findings suggest that moral development continues into the young adult years and that verbal ability may moderate sex differences in moral judgment.     

Tilting at Offshore Windmills: Regulating Wind Farm Development Within the Renewable Energy Zone

Offshore wind farms are likely to be a key component of theUnited Kingdom’s strategy for renewable energy, and theEnergy Act 2004 introduced a new legislative framework for thedevelopment of wind farms beyond the limits of territorial seawithin designated renewable energy zones. The compatibilityof the new arrangements with international marine and environmentalobligations is analysed. Rights of navigation, the protectionof the marine environment and the decommissioning of turbinesat the end of their operational life all raise significant legalissues. The introduction of the Energy Act is an important developmentin assisting the construction and operation of offshore windfarms. But the law was passed at a time when a number of majorreviews had concluded that the legislative and policy frameworkfor the protection of the marine environment suffered severeweaknesses. It is unfortunate that the UK Government did notconsider the creation of an offshore renewable energy industryas an opportunity to develop and apply the sort of new marineconservation strategies and legal frameworks being advocatedas essential in this area.     

The indirect detection of bleach (sodium hypochlorite) in beverages as evidence of product tampering

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) has been identified as the adulterant in a relatively large number of product tamperings that have been investigated by the Forensic Chemistry Center (FCC) of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this work, household bleach was added to 23 different beverages at each of three levels. The impact of sodium hypochlorite on these beverages over a 13-day study period was evaluated using the following techniques: diphenylamine spot test for oxidizing agents, potassium iodide-starch test paper for oxidizing agents, pH, iodometric titration for quantitating hypochlorite, ion chromatography for chloride and chlorate quantitation, automated headspace sampling with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) for determination of chloroform, and visual and organoleptic observations. This study has shown that hypochlorite is fragile when added to most common beverages and typically breaks down either partially or completely over time. In cases where a beverage is suspected of being adulterated with bleach but tests for hypochlorite are negative, it is still possible to characterize the product to demonstrate that the results are consistent with the addition of bleach. An adulterated product will give a positive test for oxidizing agents using the diphenylamine spot test. It is likely that the pH of the adulterated product will be higher than a control of that product. Ion chromatographic analysis shows elevated chloride and chlorate as compared with a control. And, chloroform may also be detected by GC-FID especially if the beverage that was adulterated contains citric acid.