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881.
882.
Philip Jenkins 《Journal of criminal justice》1984,12(6):551-565
This article discusses the nineteenth century origins of indeterminate sentencing and discretionary penology. Was this idea an offshoot of contemporary positivist criminology, emanating from Europe, or was it a separate development in the United States? It is argued that although European influences were felt, the “new penology” was clearly an American product. However, it did not derive either from new insights in social science, or from simple reforming zeal. Rather, the new penology is seen here as an outgrowth of the contemporaneous temperance movement, which in turn resulted from social and ethnic conflict. The article suggests that the temperance movement was central to the evolution of discretionary penology, and crucial in keeping these ideas alive until the new positivism made itself felt. In summary, the temperance movement is seen as a vital, through understudied, force in the evolution of the twentieth century justice system in the United States. 相似文献
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Routines, the habitual and predictable behavior patterns of an organization, play central roles in both maintaining organizational
performance and in adapting such performance to changing conditions. Deadlines interact with routines in important ways in
influencing the course of organizational adaptation. This paper examines the role of routines and deadlines in influencing
change in a regulatory program. It describes the adaptation of routines in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) water
pollution and pesticide programs in response to pressures and deadlines imposed by Congress, the courts, and the White House.
The programs analyzed offer contrasting glimpses of the effects of routines on organizational change. Routines may be collective
and shared by the members of an organization or unique to the specific groups or subgroups within it. When the organization
primarily has widely-shared routines, few options will be perceived; consequently, collective routines tend to blunt the impact
of pressures for change. On the other hand, routines that become fragmented, diverse, and individual in the face of repeated
external pressures may facilitate change. 相似文献
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The approach focuses principally on economic linkages between developed and developing countries. It owes much to studies of Latin America and may be more difficult to apply to other parts of the third world where economic development is not necessarily seen as a primary objective of policy. Studies within the field have not generally succeeded at a global level. They have often been too deterministic to describe a world which is both complex and unpredictable. In any case it is more important to influence policy than to discuss the formation of historical structures. Dependency theory in particular has proved a poor guide to policy-makers. The New Right and public choice theory have been better tailored towards influencing policymakers, although this approach (like much dependency writing) divorces the content of public policy from the political system in which it is made. However, political economy of development studies have worked well at a lower level of abstraction and have contributed to a better understanding of public policy in some developing countries. 相似文献
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This paper discusses a nonstationary, heterogeneous Markov modeldesigned to estimate entry and exit transition probabilitiesat the micro level from a time series of independent cross-sectionalsamples with a binary outcome variable. The model has its originsin the work of Moffitt and shares features with standard statisticalmethods for ecological inference. We outline the methodologicalframework proposed by Moffitt and present several extensionsof the model to increase its potential application in a widerarray of research contexts. We also discuss the relationshipwith previous lines of related research in political science.The example illustration uses survey data on American presidentialvote intentions from a five-wave panel study conducted by Pattersonin 1976. We treat the panel data as independent cross sectionsand compare the estimates of the Markov model with both dynamicpanel parameter estimates and the actual observations in thepanel. The results suggest that the proposed model providesa useful framework for the analysis of transitions in repeatedcross sections. Open problems requiring further study are discussed. 相似文献