The Impact of Victim Demographics on Case Outcomes in Delinquency Proceedings: An Empirical Test

While the impact of the defendant's sex and race on processing decisions is well researched, less is known about the impact of the victim's sex and race on juvenile court decision making. Using data from the juvenile court in St. Louis, Missouri, this study explores direct and interactive effects of the victim's sex and race on outcome decisions for juvenile offenders. Findings suggest that legal differences account for most of the observed differences in detention, commitment and adjudication among the sample studied.     

WHAT IS A “GOOD” SOCIAL NETWORK FOR POLICY IMPLEMENTATION? THE FLOW OF KNOW‐HOW FOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

This study concerns how intraorganizational networks affect the implementation of policies and practices in organizations. In particular, we attend to the role of the informal subgroup or clique in cultivating and distributing locally adapted and integrated knowledge, or know‐how. We develop two hypotheses based on the importance of intraorganizational coordination for an organization's capacity for change. The first emphasizes the importance of distributing know‐how evenly to potential recipient subgroups. The second emphasizes the importance of restricting know‐how to flow from high know‐how subgroups. We test our hypotheses with longitudinal network data in 21 schools, finding stronger support for the second hypothesis than the first. Our findings can help managers cultivate know‐how flows to contribute to organizational change.     

Communitarian Bioethics: Three Case Studies

In recent years, communitarianism has turned bioethics away from an overwhelming emphasis on liberal individualism. Growing emphasis on the common good has created no few dilemmas for medical practitioners used to weighing the interests of their patients above all else. Three cases exemplify the conflict between community and individual interests. The first is the Israel Patient Rights Act (IPRA), a first of its kind statute that allows hospital ethics committees to impose lifesaving treatment on competent patients who refuse medical care. The second case investigates the medical treatment of wounded soldiers and suggests that community based obligations may, in some circumstances, allow physicians to give priority to treating compatriots over non-compatriots. The last case discusses force feeding political detainees. While many physicians are resolved to preserve a hunger striker’s right to refuse food, many state governments are equally resolved to feed them. Hunger striking sets the stage for a classic battle between respect for autonomy and concerns about the public welfare that communitarian principles can help resolve.     

Executive and legislature in Ontario: a case study on governmental reform

Abstract. In pursuit of the search common to many governments for a more rationalistic approach to policy-making, Ontario in the 1970s engaged in massive restructuring of its executive and administration. As that was nearing completion, a more modest essay at reform of the legislature was undertaken and is still in progress. The central argument of this paper is that the dominant drive on the executive-administrative side was to reduce rationality to technocratic efficiency (though more recent developments have offset that trend to an extent), while legislative reform to date has at best been a small beginning at reducing executive dominance over the legislature (though a potential is noted at the end of the paper for enhancing the legislature's role). Moreover, the two reform movements have so far followed parallel rather than intersecting courses, thus leaving the basic democratic issues of responsiveness and accountability largely untouched. Sommaire. Dans sa recherche d'une approche plus rationnelle pour l'établissement des politiques, recherche qui est commune à bien des gouvernements, l'Ontario s'est lancé en 1970 dans une restructuration massive du gouvernement et de son administration. Celle-ci éant presque terminée, il tenta plus modestement de reformer le Parlement et cette réforme se poursuit à l'heure actuelle. La thèse de l'auteur de cette communication est que le principal effort du côte du gouvernement et de l'administration a consistéà ramener la rationalisation à l'efficacité technocratique (bien que les développements les plus récents aient renversé la vapeur dans une certaine mesure), alors que jusqu'ici la réforme du Parlement a tenté timidement de réduire la domination du gouvernement sur le Parlement (bien que l'auteur mentionne à la fin de l'exposé la possibilité d'accroître davantage le rôle de la législature). De plus, les deux mouvements de réforme ont suivi jusqu'à présent des routes parallèles, ce qui laisse pratiquement intactes les questions fondamentales de la responsabilité et du contrôle.     

TAIWAN AND HONG KONG: CHINA'S POLICIES AND PROSPECTS (Review Article)

The author defines state-building as a process of increasing the capabilities within a society for the benefit of its population, noting that, traditionally, in Afghanistan villages were run through consent, though the state has usually preferred force. He then examines the various factors said to inhibit state-building – geography, class, the warlords, ethnicity and political Islam – drawing relevant comparisons with other South Asian states. His conclusion is that it has indeed been most difficult to try to build a functioning state in Afghanistan, partly because of the war, but partly because force is no substitute for consent.