收费全文 | 1285篇 |
免费 | 82篇 |
各国政治 | 136篇 |
工人农民 | 97篇 |
世界政治 | 96篇 |
外交国际关系 | 89篇 |
法律 | 638篇 |
中国共产党 | 3篇 |
中国政治 | 17篇 |
政治理论 | 274篇 |
综合类 | 17篇 |
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 37篇 |
2019年 | 45篇 |
2018年 | 71篇 |
2017年 | 70篇 |
2016年 | 66篇 |
2015年 | 43篇 |
2014年 | 47篇 |
2013年 | 205篇 |
2012年 | 49篇 |
2011年 | 56篇 |
2010年 | 57篇 |
2009年 | 56篇 |
2008年 | 49篇 |
2007年 | 47篇 |
2006年 | 41篇 |
2005年 | 50篇 |
2004年 | 39篇 |
2003年 | 36篇 |
2002年 | 25篇 |
2001年 | 19篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 16篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
Objectives
The present study examines how individuals’ sanction risk perceptions are shaped by neighborhood context.Methods
Using structural equation modeling on data from waves 6 and 7 of the National Youth Survey, we assess the direct and indirect relationships between adverse neighborhood conditions and two dimensions of sanction risk perceptions: the certainty of punishment and perceived shame. In addition, the role of shame as a mediator between neighborhood context and certainty of punishment is also investigated.Results
The results indicate that adverse neighborhood conditions indirectly affect both forms of sanction risk perceptions, and additional results show that perceived shame fully mediates the effect of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of the certainty of punishment.Conclusions
The perceptual deterrence/rational choice perspective will need to be revised to accommodate more explicitly the role of neighborhood context in shaping sanction risk perceptions. 相似文献The current study proposes an approach that accounts for the importance of streets while at the same time accounting for the overlapping spatial nature of social and physical environments captured by the egohood approach. Our approach utilizes overlapping clusters of streets based on the street network distance, which we term street egohoods.
MethodsWe used the street segment as a base unit and employed two strategies in clustering the street segments: (1) based on the First Order Queen Contiguity; and (2) based on the street network distance considering physical barriers. We utilized our approaches for measuring ecological factors and estimated crime rates in the Los Angeles metropolitan area.
ResultsWe found that whereas certain socio-demographics, land use, and business employee measures show stronger relationships with crime when measured at the smaller street based unit, a number of them actually exhibited stronger relationships when measured using our larger street egohoods. We compared the results for our three-sized street egohoods to street segments and two sizes of block egohoods proposed by Hipp and Boessen (Criminology 51(2):287–327, 2013) and found that two egohood strategies essentially are not different at the quarter mile egohood level but this similarity appears lower when looking at the half mile egohood level. Also, the street egohood models are a better fit for predicting violent and property crime compared to the block egohood models.
ConclusionsA primary contribution of the current study is to develop and propose a new perspective of measuring neighborhood based on urban streets. We empirically demonstrated that whereas certain socio-demographic measures show the strongest relationship with crime when measured at the micro geographic unit of street segments, a number of them actually exhibited the strongest relationship when measured using our larger street egohoods. We hope future research can use egohoods to expand understanding of neighborhoods and crime.
相似文献- The implementation of open data policies benefits from targeted approaches at the department level rather than uniform, citywide objectives or requirements.
- City executive-level positions such as chief data or information officers are not necessarily associated with successful implementation, measured by the number of open data files made available.
- Open data implementation involves additional administrative responsibilities and labor at the department level, so city administrators looking to expand the number and variety of data sets available through their open data platforms should devote time and resources to working directly with departments to facilitate and encourage data sharing.
- Administrators looking to expand the number and variety of data sets available through their open data platforms should consider the costs associated with investing in increasing individual departments’ abilities to balance the additional administrative responsibilities and labor involved.