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This project was developed to investigate the usefulness of newborn nails for monitoring in utero drug exposure. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, methadone, caffeine, nicotine, and cotinine were determined in nail samples from the first 3 months of life of 25 newborns abandoned immediately after birth (group 1) and of 33 babies born at the local maternity hospital whose families were recruited on a voluntary basis (group 2). All substances were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (detection limit: 0.025 ng/mg). Moreover, analytical results were compared with mothers' self-reported habits when the information was available. In group 1, 12 nails were found positive for caffeine and 13 for both nicotine and cotinine. Six samples tested cocaine- (range, median: 0.14-0.25, 0.175 ng/mg) and benzoylecgonine-positive (range, median: 0.12-0.20, 0.165 ng/mg). Both nicotine and cocaine were always retrieved together with their main metabolite. Morphine was found in four samples (range, median: 0.10-0.15, 0.125 ng/mg), methadone in five samples (range, median: 0.12-0.26, 0.170 ng/mg) that were found negative for all other compounds. In group 2, two samples tested positive for methadone (0.16, 0.17 ng/mg). The mothers self-report of the use of coffee always corresponded to caffeine positivity in the newborn nails (n=6), whereas six samples tested positive for nicotine and/or cotinine with a non-smoking mother. Sixteen out of the 33 samples of group 2 tested negative for all compounds. In conclusion, for the first time, results showed that, once that sample collection problems are solved, nails of the first period of life can be a very interesting indicator of in utero drug exposure. 相似文献
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Defending the Criminal Law: Reflections on the Changing Character of Crime, Procedure, and Sanctions
Recent years have seen mounting challenge to the model of the criminal trial on the grounds it is not cost-effective, not
preventive, not necessary, not appropriate, or not effective. These challenges have led to changes in the scope of the criminal
law, in criminal procedure, and in the nature and use of criminal trials. These changes include greater use of diversion,
of fixed penalties, of summary trials, of hybrid civil–criminal processes, of strict liability, of incentives to plead guilty,
and of preventive orders. The paper will assess the implications of these changes for the function of the criminal law, assessing
the reasons behind them, and examining whether or not they are to be welcomed. Identifying the larger import of these changes
draws attention to the changing relationship between state and citizen as well as changes in the nature of the state itself.
These can in turn be attributed to a jostling among the different manifestations of the authoritarian state, the preventive
state, and the regulatory state. These changes have profound normative implications for a liberal theory of the criminal law
that require its re-articulation and its defence. A modest start may be to insist that where the conduct is criminal and the
consequences are punitive the protections of criminal procedure and trial must be upheld.
相似文献
Lucia ZednerEmail: |
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Lucia Abbamonte Flavia Cavaliere 《美中法律评论》2010,7(2):34-44
The present study focuses on the communicative relevance of lexical choices in the documents of the European Union Committee of the Regions (CoR) and of other related bodies within a pragmalinguistic perspective. The function of the Committee of the Regions is to issue opinions on proposals for Community legislation which are closest to the citizen interests - education, youth, culture, health. It is thus a voice at the heart of the EU which aims at increasing the participation of European regions in community life. Our corpus consists in 100 documents (Proposals and Opinions) whose lexico-grammatical aspects and communicative/ rhetorical strategies are here investigated. Our hypothesis is that such texts aim at creating a holistic we to construe a common ground of interests, within the constraints of legal intercourses, shared by both the sender and the receiver of the messages. Frequently occurring lexical items are: welcome, ensure, strengthen, aid. To stress urgency, generate empathy, emphasize needs and endorse value-positions are the recognizable perlocutionary effects of such semantic/pragmatic choices. Tools for analysis were taken from the domain of pragmalinguistics, from Evaluative/Appraisal Frameworks and, also, from social sciences. Particularly relevant appeared the notion of'advocacy' (i.e., when researchers are asked to use their expertise to defend the subjects' interests in healthcare, education, political rights, and cultural autonomy). This study will provide both qualitative and quantitative data to support our hypothesis, and will offer suggestions for further research. 相似文献
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Assessment of the Effects Exerted by Acid and Alkaline Solutions on Bone: Is Chemistry the Answer? 下载免费PDF全文
Alberto Amadasi M.D. Arianna Camici B.Sc. Davide Porta B.Sc. Lucia Cucca B.A. Daniele Merli Ph.D. Chiara Milanese Ph.D. Antonella Profumo Ph.D. Nabila Rassifi B.A. Cristina Cattaneo Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(5):1297-1303
The treatment of corpses with extremely acid or basic liquids is sometimes performed in criminal contexts. A thorough characterization by chemical analysis may provide further help to macroscopic and microscopic analysis; 63 porcine bone samples were treated with solutions at different pH (1–14) for immersion periods up to 70 days, as well as in extremely acidic sulfuric acid solutions (9 M/18 M) and extremely basic sodium hydroxide. Inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES)/plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that only the sulfuric acid solution 18 M was able to completely dissolve the sample. In addition, chemical analysis allowed to recognize the contact between bone and substances. Hydrated calcium sulfate arose from extreme pH. The possibility of detecting the presence of human material within the residual solution was demonstrated, especially with FT‐IR, ICP‐OES, and EDX. 相似文献
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Law and Critique - The rise of the idea of the Anthropocene is promoting multiple reflections on its meaning. As we consider entering this new geological epoch, we realize the pervasiveness of... 相似文献
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The human cell line HaCaT was used to study drug uptake by keratinocytes as an in-vitro model to elucidate drug incorporation into anagen hair follicle. The basic drugs under investigation were taken up very rapidly resulting in a concentration plateau in the keratinocytes which was dependent on the drug concentration in the cell culture medium. The results obtained for HaCaT clearly demonstrated the existence of a partition-equilibrium between the extracellular and intracellular drug concentrations. Only small amounts of the offered drugs were taken up and remarkable differences were observed showing a decreasing uptake for imipramine > haloperidol > cocaine/benzoylecgonine. Total protein content in the culture medium was 3.5 +/- 0.3 mg/mL and the protein binding of the drugs to the foetal serum proteins was found to be negligible in the experiments. Overall, the in vitro findings were consistent with previous observations for in vivo drug incorporation into hair. In particular, an explanation was found for the correlation between the AUC-value and hair concentration observed in animal studies as well as for the generally low drug concentrations in non-pigmented hair. 相似文献
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How can policymakers reduce public fear of crime in Latin America? This study compares the effectiveness of “zero tolerance” and community‐based policing strategies in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. At the micro level, it assesses the links between fear of crime and social identity characteristics, contextual factors, the media, community participation, and other insecurities. It finds that citizens' economic, political, and social insecurities are the main determinants of their fear of crime. At the macro level, the study compares levels of public insecurity and finds that cities that employ community‐based strategies to fight crime register lower levels of public fear of crime. 相似文献
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